TABLE 1.
Cohort characteristics of children included in immune or microbiome analysis
| Characteristica | Value or information |
P valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Canada | Ecuador | South Africa | ||
| Child characteristics | |||||
| n | 21 | 33 | 43 | 21 | |
| Sex (n [%]) | |||||
| Female | 1 (4.8) | 16 (48.5) | 28 (65.1) | 11 (52.4) | <0.001 |
| Male | 20 (95.2) | 17 (51.5) | 15 (34.9) | 10 (47.6) | |
| Missing (no.) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Delivery mode (n [%]) | |||||
| Caesarean | 2 (9.5) | 16 (48.5) | 9 (20.9) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Vaginal | 19 (90.5) | 17 (51.5) | 34 (79.1) | 21 (100.0) | |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Age (mo) (median [IQR]) | 25.00 (21.00, 27.00) | 18.00 (18.00, 20.00) | 26.00 (25.00, 26.00) | 24.00 (23.00, 24.00) | <0.001 |
| Missing (no.) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Gestational age (wks) (median [IQR]) | 39 (38, 40) | 39 (38, 40) | 39 (38, 40) | 38 (37, 40) | 0.389 |
| Missing (no.) | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | |
| Birthweight (g) (median [IQR]) | 3,095 (2,935, 3,480) | 3,280 (3,062, 3,610) | 3,250 (2,991, 3,647) | 3,030 (2,740, 3,300) | 0.092 |
| Missing (no.) | 3 | 0 | 17 | 0 | |
| WAZ (median [IQR]) | 0.22 (−0.10, 1.63) | 0.32 (−0.30, 1.04) | −0.37 (−0.98, 0.04) | −0.46 (−1.16, 0.07) | <0.001 |
| Missing (no.) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| WLZ (median [IQR]) | −0.04 (−1.07, 0.81) | 0.33 (−0.33, 0.80) | 0.22 (−0.41, 0.65) | 0.06 (−0.56, 0.32) | 0.448 |
| Missing (no.) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| HAZ (median [IQR]) | 1.36 (0.59, 1.85) | 0.27 (−0.50, 1.07) | −1.01 (−1.50, −0.30) | −1.27 (−2.07, −0.03) | <0.001 |
| Missing (no.) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
| Maternal age (yrs) (median [IQR]) | 33 (28, 36) | 35 (33, 38) | 26 (21, 30) | 25 (22, 28) | <0.001 |
| Missing (no.) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
| Breastfeeding | |||||
| Ever breast fed | |||||
| Data collected | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes (n [%]) | NAc | 33 (100.0) | 42 (100.0) | 20 (100.0) | |
| Missing | NA | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Time since weaning (months) | |||||
| Data collected | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Yes (median [IQR]) | NA | 5 (0, 12) | 13 (10, 16) | 0.001 | |
| Missing | NA | 0 | 1 | 21 | |
| Breastfeeding duration | |||||
| Data collected | No | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Mo (median [IQR]) | NA | 14 (6, 18) | 13 (10, 16) | NA | 0.872 |
| Currently breastfeeding | |||||
| Data collected | No | Yes | No | No | |
| No (n [%]) | NA | 24 (72.7) | NA | NA | |
| Yes (n [%]) | NA | 9 (27.3) | NA | NA | |
a
WLZ, weight-for-length Z-score; WAZ, weight-for-age Z-score; HAZ, height-for-age Z-score.
b
Chi-square test for categorical variables, Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables with more than two classes, Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables with two classes.
c
NA, not applicable.