Table 2.
Type of CCM | Advantages | Challenges |
---|---|---|
C4 plant | Most closely related evolutionarily to C3 plants | Requires engineering tissue development to give leaves Kranz anatomy |
Both cyanobacteria and algae | Operates within a single cell, therefore no need to engineer cell differentiation | Requires replacing Rubisco, because Rubisco linkers appear to bind only Rubisco from their host organisms |
Cyanobacteria | Components are well characterized | Most evolutionarily distant from plants Components are not natively encoded in a eukaryotic nucleus and targeted to a chloroplast |
Algae | Components are natively encoded in a eukaryotic nucleus and targeted to a chloroplast | Components are poorly characterized |