Table 1. The effects of social capital on infections and the spread of COVID-19.
| Dep. var. = | log(Number of Cases) | log(Number of Deaths) | Weekly Growth | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Social capital (z-score) | -.592*** | -.178*** | -.125*** | -.324*** | -.057** | .029 | -.050*** | -.030 |
| [.029] | [.031] | [.038] | [.020] | [.023] | [.027] | [.013] | [.019] | |
| log(Population Density) | .702*** | .744*** | .430*** | .453*** | .095*** | |||
| [.031] | [.041] | [.020] | [.026] | [.013] | ||||
| Age Under 18, % | 5.588*** | 5.228*** | 4.848*** | 2.113 | 3.692*** | |||
| [1.693] | [1.572] | [1.399] | [1.315] | [1.091] | ||||
| Age 18–24, % | 1.241 | 1.932 | -1.327 | -1.606 | .493 | |||
| [1.547] | [1.411] | [1.319] | [1.177] | [.965] | ||||
| Age 35–64, % | 1.699 | 1.915 | .940 | .589 | .115 | |||
| [1.518] | [1.405] | [1.240] | [1.094] | [.924] | ||||
| Age 65+, % | 1.356 | -.343 | 3.478*** | 1.490 | 2.202*** | |||
| [1.305] | [1.211] | [1.081] | [.992] | [.839] | ||||
| White, % | -1.026** | -.630 | -1.369*** | -1.309*** | -.189 | |||
| [.400] | [.506] | [.272] | [.310] | [.182] | ||||
| Black, % | .244 | .526 | -.269 | .150 | -.008 | |||
| [.383] | [.435] | [.270] | [.290] | [.191] | ||||
| Less than High School, % | 3.224*** | 3.056*** | .662* | 2.024*** | -.141 | |||
| [.519] | [.639] | [.370] | [.442] | [.337] | ||||
| Some College, % | 1.362*** | -.279 | -.095 | .011 | -.347 | |||
| [.426] | [.582] | [.338] | [.436] | [.279] | ||||
| College, % | 5.415*** | 3.026*** | 3.052*** | 2.270*** | 1.389*** | |||
| [.676] | [.815] | [.558] | [.624] | [.422] | ||||
| Post-graduate, % | 2.561** | 2.254 | 2.866*** | 2.071** | -.174 | |||
| [1.151] | [1.452] | [.936] | [1.004] | [.583] | ||||
| Male, % | .561 | -.519 | .921 | -1.220* | 1.246* | |||
| [1.045] | [.951] | [.766] | [.722] | [.662] | ||||
| Married, % | -3.313*** | -1.552** | -2.568*** | -1.142*** | -1.352*** | |||
| [.519] | [.615] | [.388] | [.408] | [.351] | ||||
| Poverty rate under 18, % | .098 | .376 | .047 | .161 | -.281 | |||
| [.369] | [.346] | [.257] | [.243] | [.239] | ||||
| Poverty rate 18–64, % | -4.050*** | -3.195*** | -2.546*** | -1.708*** | -1.023** | |||
| [.580] | [.550] | [.416] | [.390] | [.398] | ||||
| Poverty rate 65+, % | -.558 | -1.314* | .950* | .356 | .417 | |||
| [.794] | [.754] | [.517] | [.501] | [.360] | ||||
| R-squared | .06 | .35 | .82 | .05 | .38 | .65 | .00 | .02 |
| Sample Size | 437166 | 437017 | 436868 | 437166 | 437017 | 436868 | 249298 | 249210 |
| Controls | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| State x Day FE | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Notes.–Sources: Joint Economic Committee, Census Bureau, and Johns Hopkins COVID-19 Tracker, March—July 2020. The table reports the coefficients associated with regressions of daily county logged number of cases, logged number of deaths, and the week-to-week growth rate averaged within each month of the number of cases on a standardized x-score of county social capital, conditional on county demographic controls, which include: logged population density, the age distribution (normalized to the share of individuals between ages 25 and 34), the education distribution (normalized to the share of individuals with a high school degree), the share of males, and the share of married households. Standard errors are clustered at the county-level.