Table 2. Summary of MDA interventions and evaluation methods in selected publications.
| Study | Country | Target groups | Drugs | Type of MDA | Study design | Setting | Length of study | Methods and Sample size | Coverage (drug, source) | Quality Appraisal(a) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adeneye et al., 2007 [36] | Nigeria | SAC | PZQ | SBT | Qualitative | Rural (2 villages) | 9 months | -Focus group discussions (FGD) with parents (n-FGDs = 16)(b) -FGD with children (age: 5–12) (n-FGDs = 16)(b) -FGD with adolescents (age: 13–19) (n-FGDs = 16)(b) -Interviews with community leaders (n = 8) |
-SAC: 28.5% (PZQ, registers) | 6/10 |
| SAC | PZQ | CWT | Rural (2 villages) | -SAC: 72.2% (PZQ, registers) | ||||||
| SAC | PZQ | Primary health care (PHC) | Rural (2 villages) | -SAC: 44.3% (PZQ, registers) | ||||||
| Adriko et al., 2018 [37] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ | SBT CWT | Quantitative: Cross-sectional |
Rural (2 villages) | 1 month | -Household census (n-households = 681, n-individuals = 3,208). | -SAC: 70.7% (95% CI: 67.6% - 73.6%) (PZQ, surveys) -SAC and adults: 46.5% (95%CI: 44.5% - 48.5%) (PZQ, surveys) |
7/9 |
| Bogus et al., 2016 [38] | Liberia | SAC Adults(c) | PZQ, Albendazole (ALB), Ivermectin (IVM) | CWT | Quantitative: Cross-sectional | Rural (32 villages) | 1 month | -Opinion survey with village leaders (n = 140). | -N.A. (MDA interrupted due to Ebola epidemic). | 2/9 |
| Bukindu, Morona and Mazigo, 2016 [39] | Tanzania | SAC | PZQ, ALB | SBT | Quantitative: Cross-sectional |
Rural (5 schools) | 1 month | -Survey with primary schoolchildren, grades 3 to 6 (age: 8–18) (n = 625). | -SAC: 95.6%, 95%CI (92.8%-98.5%) (PZQ and ALB, survey) | 6/9 |
| Chami et al., 2016 [40] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB, IVM | CWT | Quantitative Cross-sectional | Rural (17 villages) | 4 months | -Household surveys (n-households = 510; n-individuals = 935) | -SAC and adults: 52.6% (PZQ, drug receipts)(d) | 8/9 |
| Chami et al., 2017 [41] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB, IVM | CWT | Quantitative: Cross-sectional(e) | Rural (17 villages) | 1 month | -Household census (n-households = 3491, n-individuals = 16,357). -FGD with community drug-distributors (CDDs) (n-FGDs = 6, n-distributors = 34) |
-SAC and adults: 38.2% (PZQ, census)(d) | 9/9 |
| Coulibaly et al., 2018 [42] | Cote d’Ivoire | SAC Adult | PZQ | CWT | Quantitative Cross-sectional | Rural (2 villages) | 1 month | -Surveys with SAC and adults (n = 405) | -SAC and adults: 47.6% (PZQ, registers) -SAC and adults: 34.6% (PZQ, surveys) |
4/9 |
| Dabo et al., 2013 [43] | Mali | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB | CWT | Mixed-methods | Rural (10 villages) | 1 year | -Statistical analysis of registers (n-SAC = 3026, n-adults = 4996). -FGD with adults (n-FGDs = 10, n-adults = 100) -Interviews with village leaders(b) -Interviews with CDDs(b) -Interviews with adults (n = 100). |
-SAC and adults: 76.7% (PZQ and ALB, registers) -SAC: 78.1% (PZQ and ALB, registers) -Adults: 75.4% (PZQ and ALB, registers) |
8/15 |
| Fleming et al., 2009 [16] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB | SBT CWT | Qualitative |
Rural and Urban (20 districts) | 3 years | a. 2003–2005 (18 districts) -Interviews with district officials (n-2003 = 74, n-2004 = 53, n-2005 = 28). -Interviews with local leaders(n-2003 = 23, n-2004 = 136, n-2005 = 19) -Interviews with health workers (n-2003 = 13; n-2004 = 0, n-2005 = 42) -Interviews with drug-distributors and teachers (n-2003 = 52, n-2004 = 184, n-2005 = 293) -Interviews with beneficiaries at schools (n-2003 unreported, n-2004 = 1060, n-2005 = 173). -Interviews with beneficiaries in communities (n-2003 unreported, n-2004 = 883, n-2005 = 79). b. 2006 study (2 districts): -FGD with district officials (n-FGDs = 2) (b) -FGD with local leaders (n-FGDs = 2)(b) -FGD with health workers (n-FGDs = 2)(b) -FGD with CDDs and teachers (n-FGDs = 11, n-teachers = 89) -FGD with beneficiaries at schools (n-FGDs = 7, n-beneficiaries = 64) -FGD with individual beneficiaries at communities (n-FGDs = 30, n-beneficiaries = 320) |
-76.6% (Nebbi, PZQ and ALB, registers)(f) -80.4% (Busia, PZQ and ALB, registers)(f) |
7/10 |
| Hastings, 2016 [44] | Tanzania | SAC | PZQ, ALB | SBT | Qualitative | Urban (1 squatter area) Rural (1 village) |
3 years | -Interviews with villagers, health practitioners, drug-distributors, healers and village leaders (n = >200) -Participatory observation. -Documents’ review (health registers). |
-N.A. (MDA interrupted due to riots). | 7/10 |
| Knopp et al., 2016 [45] | Tanzania | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB | SBT CWT | Quantitative Cross-sectional(e) | Urban and Rural (Pemba: 45 shehias and 45 schools; Unguja: 47 shehias and 48 schools) | 3 months | -Surveys with adults in shehias (age: 20–55) (n- Unguja = 2323; n- Pemba = 2231); -Surveys with SAC in schools (age: 9–12) (n- Unguja = 3295; n- Pemba = 5036) -Interviews with community members(b) |
-SAC: 85.2% (95%CI: 81.8%–88.6%) (Pemba), 86.9% (95%CI: 81.0%–92.9%) (Unguja) (PZQ, registers). -Adults: 60.1% (95%CI: 56.5%–63.7%) (Pemba), 71.2% (95%CI: 66.6%–75.8%) (Unguja) (PZQ, registers). |
6/9 |
| Lothe et al., 2018 [46] | South Africa | SAC | PZQ | SBT | Qualitative |
Rural (6 schools) | 4 months | -FGD with pupils (n-FGDs = 12, n = 75) -Interviews with pupils (n = 12) -Interviews with teachers (n = 6) -Interviews with healers (n = 3) -Interviews with health worker (n = 1) |
-SAC: 50–75% in 3 schools (PZQ, registers) -SAC: 10–20% in 3 schools (PZQ, registers) |
8/10 |
| Mafe et al., 2005 [47] | Nigeria | SAC | PZQ | PHC | Quantitative Cross-sectional | Rural (2 villages) | 2 months | -Surveys with SAC (n = 242) | -SAC: 60.0% SAC (PZQ, survey)(d) | 5/9 |
| SAC | PZQ | SBT | Rural (2 villages) | -SAC: 49.2% SAC (PZQ, survey) (d) | ||||||
| SAC | PZQ | CWT | Rural (2 villages) | -SAC: 77.2% SAC (PZQ, surveys)(d) | ||||||
| Massa et al., 2009a [48] | Tanzania | SAC | PZQ, ALB | SBT | Qualitative |
Rural (5 villages) | 1 year | -Two rounds of interviews with village leaders (n = 10) -Two rounds of interviews with teachers (n = 5) -Two rounds of interviews with CDDs (n = 5) -Two rounds of FGDs parents (n-FGDs = 20)(a) |
-SAC: 80.7% (Round 1), 81.4% (Round 2) (PZQ and ALB, registers) | 6/10 |
| SAC | PZQ, ALB | CWT | Rural (5 villages) | -SAC: 80.2% (Round 1), 81.9% (Round 2) (PZQ and ALB, registers) | ||||||
| Massa et al., 2009b [49] | Tanzania | SAC | PZQ, ALB | SBT | Quantitative: Cross-sectional | Rural (5 villages) | 1 year | -Quantitative review of registers (CWT: n = 4,570; SBT: n = 2,469) | -SAC: 80.7% (Round 1), 81.4% (Round 2) (PZQ and ALB, registers) | 6/9 |
| SAC | PZQ, ALB | CWT | Rural (5 villages) | -SAC: 80.2% (Round 1), 81.9% (Round 2) (PZQ and ALB, registers) | ||||||
| Muhumuza et al., 2013 [50] | Uganda | SAC | PZQ | SBT | Quantitative: Cross-sectional | Rural (12 schools) | 1 month | -Surveys with school-enrolled children, grades 4 to 6 (age: 10–14) (n = 1,010) | -SAC: 28.5% (95% CI: 22.9% - 33.6%) (PZQ, survey) | 8/9 |
| Muhumuza et al., 2014 [51] | Uganda | SAC | PZQ | SBT | Quantitative: Randomized Control Trial | Rural (12 schools) | 3 months | -Surveys with school-enrolled children, grades 4 to 6 (age: 10–14) (n-treatment = 595, n-control = 689) | -SAC—treatment: 93.9% (95%CI: 91.7% - 95.7%) (PZQ, survey) -SAC—control: 78.7% SAC (95% CI: 75.4%-81.7%) (PZQ, survey) |
8/14 |
| Muhumuza et al., 2015a [52] | Uganda | SAC | PZQ | SBT | Quantitative: Cohort study | Rural (12 schools) | 1 year | -Surveys with school enrolled children, grades 4 to 6 (age: 10–140). (Year 1, n-treatment = 595, n-control = 689; Year 2, n-treatment = 536; n-control = 536). | -SAC—treatment: 78.0% (95%CI: 74.1–81.6%) (PZQ, survey) -SAC–control: 70.4% (95%CI: 66.7% - 73.9%) (PZQ, survey) |
7/9 |
| Muhumuza et al., 2015b [53] | Uganda | SAC | PZQ | SBT | Qualitative | Rural (12 schools) | 2 months | -FGD with school-enrolled children, grades 4 to 6 (age: 10–14) (n-FGD = 24)(b) -Interviews with teachers (n = 12) -Interviews with health assistants (n = 2) -Interview with District Vector Control Officer (n = 1). |
-SAC: 48.9% (95%CI: 44.4%– 53.4%) (PZQ, survey results reported elsewhere) [54] | 7/10 |
| Ndyomugyenyi and Kabatereine, 2003 [55] | Uganda | SAC | PZQ, IVM, Mebendazole | SBT |
Mixed-methods |
Rural (4 schools) | 3 months | -Interviews with teachers (n = 4) -Surveys with SAC (n-SAC = 284) |
-SAC 79% (PZQ and MBD, survey) | 9/15 |
| CWT | Rural (55 communities) | -Interviews with community leaders (n = 55) -Interviews with teachers (n = 55) -Surveys with SAC (n = 502) -FGD with key informants (local level decision makers) (n-FGD = 6)(b) |
-SAC: 85% (PZQ and MBD, survey) | |||||||
| Odhiambo et al., 2016 [56] | Kenya | SAC | PZQ | SBT (Year 1–2) | Qualitative |
Urban (9 health sub-units) | 3 years | -Three rounds of FGD with CHWs (n-CHWs = 18) |
-Not reported | 6/10 |
| SAC Adults | PZQ | CWT (Year 3) | -Not reported | |||||||
| Omedo et al., 2012 [57] | Kenya | SAC Adults | PZQ | CWT | Qualitative | Rural (75 villages) | 1 month | -FGD with CHWs (n-FGD = 8, n-CHWs = 65) | -Over 75% (no further details reported) | 5/10 |
| Omedo et al., 2014 [58] | Kenya | SAC Adults | PZQ | CWT | Qualitative | Rural (75 villages) | 1 month | -FGD with CHWs (n-FG = 8, n-CHWs = 53) | -Not reported | 5/10 |
| Parker, Allen and Hastings, 2008 [20] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB | CWT | Qualitative | Urban and Rural (Panyimur town, trading centre, landing sites, Pandara village and one Waseko town) | 5 months | -Unstructured Interviews with village elders, healers, health staff, teachers, beneficiaries (n = 300) -Interviews with adults in main treatment area (10% of treated HHs)(b) -Interviews with treated adults in neighbouring villages (Pandara, n = 20; Waseko, n = 58), -Interviews with CDDs in neighbouring villages (n = 4) -Interviews with health practitioners in neighbouring sites (Waseko: n = 4). -FGD with treated adults in neighbouring sites (Waseko, n-adults = 58) |
-Adults: 66.8% (PZQ and ALB, registers) | 7/10 |
| Parker and Allen, 2011 [19] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB, IVM | CWT | Qualitative | Urban and Rural (Panyimur: trading centre, 15 villages; Moyo and Adjumani: landing sites, 7 villages; Busia: 14 villages) | a. Panyimur: 3 months b. Moyo and Adjumani: 3 months c. Busia: 2 months |
a. Panyimur: -Participatory observation (trading centre) -Interviews with key informants (n = 50) -FGD with key informants (n-FGD = 10)(b) -Semi-structured interviews with adults (n = 595) -Review of records for adults (n = 50) b. Adjumani district: -Semi-structured interviews with adults (n = 103) -Open ended interviews with key informants(a) c. Moyo district (2008) -Semi-structured interviews with adults (n = 72) -Open ended interviews with key informants(a) d. Busia district (2009) -Participatory observation (landing sites) -Open-ended interviews with key informants(b) -Semi-structured interviews: 10% of adults in 14 villages(b) |
a. Panyimur(d) -Adults–2004: 70% (PZQ, interviews) -Adults–2005: 37% (PZQ interviews) -Adults–2007: 40% (PZQ, interviews) b. Moyo: -Adults-2005: 32% (PZQ interviews) -Adults-2006: 39% (PZQ interviews) -Adults-2007: 41% (PZQ interviews) -Adults-2008: 55% (PZQ, interviews) c. Adjumani: -Adults-2005: 29%: (PZQ, interviews) -Adults-2006: 59% (PZQ, interviews) -Adults-2007: 50% (PZQ, interviews) -Adults-2008: 74% (PZQ, interviews) d. Busia -Adults-2008: 67% (PZQ, interviews) -Adults-2009: 64% (, PZQ, interviews) |
7/10 |
| Pearson, 2016 [59] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB, IVM | CWT | Qualitative(g) | Rural (multiple small fishing landing sites) | 1 year | -Participant observation -Water-contact observation exercises (n-sites = 10) -Group discussions(f) -Semi-structured interviews(b) -Unstructured interviews with key-informants in landing sites and health services(b) -Parasitological survey with adults (n = 383) |
-Adults: 56% (PZQ, survey) | 5/10 |
| Randjelovic et al., 2015 [60] | South Africa | SAC | PZQ | SBT | Quantitative: Cross-sectional | Urban and Rural (43 schools) | 5 months | -Quantitative review of treatment registers in primary, intermediate and high schools (pupils’ age: 3 to 15) (n = 24,005) | -SAC: 44.3% (PZQ, registers) | 5/9 |
| Rilkoff et al., 2013 [61] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB, IVM, Zithromax | CWT | Qualitative | Rural (8 villages) | 3 months | -FGD with community leaders (n-FGD = 8, n-leaders = 30) -FGD with CDDs (n-FGD = 8, n-CDDs = 17) -FGD with adult men (n-FGD = 8, n-men = 68)) -FGD with adult pregnant women (n-FGD = 8, n-women = 91) -FGD with breastfeeding women (n = FGD = 8, n-women = 100) -FGD with adolescent men (n-FGD = 8, n-men = 73) -FGD with adolescent females (n = FGD = 8, n-women = 64). -Interviews with programme supervisors (n = 2) -Participatory observation of MDAs. |
-Adults: 82.9% (treatment registers); 42.2% (village household register)(d), (h) | 7/10 |
| Sanya et al., 2017 [62] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ, ALB | CWT | Qualitative |
Rural (6 villages) | 4 months | -Interviews with adults (n = 36) -Interviews with community leaders (n = 12). -FGD with adults (n-FGD = 12, n-adults = 60) |
-SAC and adults—intensive intervention group (Mean uptake in 13 villages): 63% (PZQ, registers) -SAC and adults–standard intervention group ((Mean uptake in 13 villages): 56% (PZQ, registers) (estimates reported elsewhere) [63] |
5/10 |
| Tuhebwe et al., 2015 [64] | Uganda | SAC Adults | PZQ | CWT | Mixed-methods | Rural (15 villages) | 1 month | -Surveys with adults (n = 615) -Interviews with key informants (n = 5) |
-Adults: 44.7% (95% CI: 40.8%– 48.7%) (PZQ, survey) | 10/15 |
(a) Maximum score possible varied according to study design: qualitative (10), quantitative–cross-sectional (9), quantitative–cohort (9), randomised controlled trial (14), mixed-methods (15).
(b) Number of participating individuals not reported.
(c) Information not reported, details obtained from Ministry of Health’s guidelines for MDAs.
(d) Calculated by authors based on data reported in publication.
(e) Study declared having used qualitative methods as well. However, their contribution to results and discussion is negligible or unrelated to study subject. The paper is hence classified as of quantitative nature.
(f) Targeted population unspecified.
(g) Study declared having used quantitative methods. However, their contribution to results and discussion is negligible or unrelated to study subject. The paper is hence classified as of qualitative nature.
(h) Type of drugs undefined.