Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included studies for investigation of cytokine levels between severe and non-severe COVID-19 patients.
| Author (year) | Non-severe patients |
Severe Patients |
Clinical Definitions of Severe Patients | Cytokines Measured | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Age | Male % | n | Age | Male % | |||
| Chen, 2020 [35] | 10 | 50.3 (10.1) | 70.0 | 11 | 61.2 (7.3) | 90.9 | NHC guideline, pulmonary lesion | IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α |
| Feng, 2020 [30] | 94 | 62.9 (13.7) | 61.7 | 20 | 69.2 (11.1) | 65.0 | NHC guideline | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| He, 2020 [36] | 12 | 42.3 (16.8) | 31.1 | 16 | 62.3 (16.7) | 53.6 | NHC guideline | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Lv, 2020 [37] | 115 | 54.3 (41.5) | 50.4 | 155 | 58.7 (47.4) | 49.7 | Not specified | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Nie, 2020 [26] | 72 | 40.3 (19.3) | 29.1 | 25 | 57.3 (15) | 52.0 | NHC guideline, pulmonary lesion | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Qin, 2020 [38] | 166 | 52.1 (15.4) | 48.2 | 286 | 57 (13.3) | 54.2 | NHC guideline | IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α |
| Shi, 2020 [31] | 22 | 49.7 (12) | 59.7 | 21 | 59 (17.3) | 72.4 | NHC guideline, pulmonary lesion | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Song, 2020 [32] | 31 | 48 (16.5) | 51.6 | 42 | 55.9 (12.2) | 71.4 | NHC guideline, pulmonary lesion | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Wan, 2020 [39] | 102 | 43.1 (13.1) | 53.9 | 21 | 61.3 (15.6) | 52.4 | NHC guideline | IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Wang, 2020 [40] | 55 | 40 (14.1) | 45.0 | 14 | 69.8 (11.4) | 50.0 | NHC guideline with SpO2 < 90% | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α |
| Wei, Su, 2020 [41] | 131 | 60.1 (12.4) | 45.0 | 98 | 69.7 (11.6) | 60.0 | NHC guideline, pulmonary lesion | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Xu, 2020 [42] | 80 | 55.7 (17) | 37.5 | 45 | 57.7 (15.7) | 68.9 | NHC guideline | IL-6, IL-10 |
| Zhang, Zhou, 2020 [28] | 44 | 53.5 (20.1) | 47.7 | 21 | 58.3 (13.9) | 71.4 | Not specified | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Zhang, Wang, 2020 [33] | 29 | 44.3 (15.8) | 58.6 | 14 | 61.7 (9.2) | 35.7 | NHC guideline | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Zhang, Yu, 2020 [43] | 93 | 38.2 (12.2) | 34.4 | 18 | 63.3 (24.9) | 77.8 | WHO guideline | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Zhao, 2020 [34] | 53 | 44.8 (15.9) | 43.4 | 18 | 63.9 (17.2) | 38.9 | NHC guideline | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Zheng, 2020 [44] | 22 | 46.9 (14.7) | 40.9 | 74 | 56.8 (13.7) | 66.2 | NHC guideline | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
| Zhu, 2020 [45] | 111 | 50 (15.5) | 65.8 | 16 | 57.5 (11.7) | 56.3 | NHC guideline, pulmonary lesion | IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, INF-γ |
NHC guideline: (a) Respiratory distress, RR ≥ 30/min, (b) Oxygen saturation level (SpO2) ≤ 93% at rest and (c) Arterial blood oxygen partial pressure (PaO2)/oxygen concentration (FiO2) ≤300 mm Hg.
Pulmonary lesion: >50% lesion progression within 24–48h in pulmonary imaging.
WHO guideline: Adolescent or adult with clinical signs of pneumonia (fever, cough, dyspnoea, fast breathing) plus one of the following: respiratory rate >30 breaths/min; severe respiratory distress; or SpO2 < 90% on room air.
Age in mean (SD).