Table 2.
ECMO Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcome of Children Supported on ECMO for SARS-CoV-2 Infection
| Case/Country | ECMO Initial Mode | Cannulation Site | Time of ECMO Conversion and New ECMO Mode | ECMO Duration (Days) | Immunomodulatory Therapy During ECMO | Cardiac Injury/Myocarditis | Complications on ECMO | Outcome (Survival to Hospital Discharge)/Cause of Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/Spain | VV | Fem-Jug | NA | 7 | Yes: Tocilizumab | NA | None | Survived |
| 2/France | VA | RIJV-CA | 48 hours | 9 | Yes: IVIG, steroids | Troponin: 337 | Major intraventricular and intraparenchymal hemorrhage | Died |
| VA to VV | Cerebral hemorrhage | |||||||
| 3/United Kingdom | VA | Fem-CA | NA | 6 | Yes: Steroids | Yes | Right MCA and ACA ischemic infarction | Died |
| Troponin: 675 | Cerebral infarct | |||||||
| 4/United Kingdom | VA | RIJV-CA | NA | 11 | Yes: IVIG, steroids | Yes | None | Survived |
| Troponin > 2,000, endomyocardial biopsy: lymphocytic infiltrate consistent with partially treated myocarditis | ||||||||
| 5/United Kingdom | VA | RIJV-CA | 87 hours | 7 | Yes: IVIG, steroids, infliximab | Yes | Thrombus in right atrium | Survived |
| VA to VV | Troponin: 110 | |||||||
| 6/United Kingdom | VA | RIJV-CA | NA | 7 | No | NA | None | Survived |
| 7/Spain | VA | Fem-Fem | 24 hours | 30 | Yes: Anakinra, convalescent plasma, mesenchymal stromal cells | Yes | Pulmonary embolism and cardiac arrest | Died |
| VA to VV | Troponin: 24.7 | Pulmonary embolism |
Units of measure: Troponin: ng/L (normal value <26 ng/L).
ACA, anterior cerebral artery; CA, carotid artery; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Fem, femoral; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; Jug, jugular; MCA, middle cerebral artery; NA, not applicable; RIJV, right internal jugular vein; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; VA, venoarterial; VV, venovenous.