Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Total, n= 72 | NM exercise group, n= 36 | CG, n= 36 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 70.3 (4.7) | 70.8 (5.0) | 69.8 (4.3) |
|
| |||
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 5 (6.9) | 2 (5.6) | 3 (8.3) |
| Female | 67 (93.1) | 34 (94.4) | 33 (91.7) |
|
| |||
| BMI, n (%) | |||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 4 (5.6) | 4 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| 18.5–22.9 (normal) | 24 (33.3) | 14 (38.9) | 10 (27.8) |
| 23.0–24.9 (overweight) | 14 (19.4) | 5 (13.9) | 9 (25.0) |
| ≥25.0 (obese) | 30 (41.7) | 13 (36.1) | 17 (47.2) |
|
| |||
| Frailty, n (%) | |||
| Robust (= 0) | 12 (16.7) | 7 (19.4) | 5 (13.9) |
| Pre-frailty (1–2) | 56 (77.8) | 27 (75.0) | 29 (80.6) |
| Frailty (3–5) | 4 (5.6) | 2 (5.6) | 2 (5.6) |
|
| |||
| Sarcopenia, n (%) | |||
| Positive (≥4) | 15 (20.8) | 4 (11.1) | 11 (30.6) |
| Negative (≤3) | 57 (79.2) | 32 (88.9) | 25 (69.4) |
|
| |||
| PSEQ, mean (SD) | 41.5 (10.5) | 41.0 (11.0) | 42.0 (10.1) |
|
| |||
| BPI, mean (SD) | |||
| Severity | 4.5 (1.6) | 4.4 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.7) |
| Interference | 3.9 (2.2) | 3.4 (2.3) | 4.4 (2.0) |
|
| |||
| SF-12, mean (SD) | |||
| Physical | 45.6 (6.5) | 46.8 (6.7) | 44.5 (6.2) |
| Mental | 44.1 (9.5) | 45.1 (11.1) | 43.0 (7.7) |
|
| |||
| TUGT, mean (SD) | 12.9 (3.8) | 12.7 (3.9) | 12.9 (3.8) |
|
| |||
| HGS, mean (SD) | |||
| Left | 18.0 (4.6) | 17.7 (4.0) | 18.3 (5.1) |
| Right | 18.8 (4.8) | 18.7 (4.1) | 18.9 (5.5) |
|
| |||
| GAD-7, mean (SD) | 3.4 (4.1) | 3.5 (4.9) | 3.3 (3.1) |
|
| |||
| PHQ-9, mean (SD) | 4.9 (3.5) | 4.8 (4.2) | 5.0 (2.7) |
|
| |||
| PASE, mean (SD) | 106.6 (38.0) | 109.9 (35.9) | 103.2 (40.2) |
|
| |||
| SETS, mean (SD) | |||
| Positive | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.8) | 2.6 (0.9) |
| Negative | 5.7 (1.0) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.9 (0.8) |
BMI = body mass index. BPI = Brief Pain Inventory. CG = control group. GAD-7 = 7-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder. HGS = handgrip strength. NM = neuromuscular. PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. PSEQ = Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. SD = standard deviation. SETS = Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale. SF-12 = 12-Item Short Form Health Survey. TUGT = Timed-Up-and-Go test.