Table 3.
The results of group effect on primary and secondary outcomes at 12 weeks post-intervention using intention to treat and analysis of covariance
| Outcome variables | NM exercise group, n= 36 mean (SD) | CG, n= 36, mean (SD) | Model 1a | Model 2b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| |||||||||
| Mean difference between groups (95% CI) | P-value | Cohen’s d | Mean difference between groups (95% CI) | P-value | Cohen’s d | ||||
| Primary outcome BPI (severity) | |||||||||
| Wk 0 | 4.4 (1.5) | 4.6 (1.7) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wk 12 | 2.7 (2.2) | 4.1 (1.9) | −1.27 (−2.13 to −0.41) | <0.01 | 0.65 | −1.28 (−2.18 to −0.38) | <0.01 | 0.63 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Secondary outcomes BPI (interference) | |||||||||
| Wk 0 | 3.4 (2.3) | 4.4 (2.0) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wk 12 | 2.3 (2.3) | 3.2 (2.2) | −0.43 (−1.33 to 0.47) | 0.35 | 0.20 | −0.19 (−1.13 to 0.75) | 0.70 | 0.09 | |
|
| |||||||||
| PSEQ | |||||||||
| Wk 0 | 41.3 (10.8) | 42.0 (10.1) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wk 12 | 44.7 (9.7) | 41.0 (9.0) | 3.97 (0.11 to 7.83) | <0.05 | 0.46 | 3.70 (−0.38 to 7.78) | 0.08 | 0.41 | |
|
| |||||||||
| SF-12 | |||||||||
| Physical | Wk 0 | 46.8 (6.7) | 44.5 (6.2) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Wk 12 | 51.1 (8.8) | 46.1 (8.3) | 3.70 (−0.04 to 7.44) | 0.05 | 0.46 | 3.61 (−0.39 to 7.61) | 0.08 | 0.46 | |
| Mental | Wk 0 | 45.1 (11.1) | 43.0 (7.7) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Wk 12 | 48.1 (9.3) | 46.3 (8.3) | 0.97 (−2.75 to 4.69) | 0.62 | 0.13 | 0.37 (−3.59 to 4.33) | 0.80 | 0.06 | |
|
| |||||||||
| TUGT | |||||||||
| Wk 0 | 12.7 (3.9) | 13.0 (3.8) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wk 12 | 11.1 (2.8) | 11.8 (2.5) | −0.55 (−1.63 to 0.53) | 0.33 | 0.20 | −0.41 (−1.59 to 0.77) | 0.50 | 0.18 | |
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| |||||||||
| HGS | |||||||||
| Left | Wk 0 | 17.7 (4.0) | 18.3 (5.1) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Wk 12 | 20.3 (15.9) | 22.2 (16.4) | −1.44 (−8.85 to 5.97) | 0.61 | 0.16 | −0.90 (−9.03 to 7.23) | 0.59 | 0.16 | |
| Right | Wk 0 | 18.7 (4.1) | 18.9 (5.5) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Wk 12 | 19.6 (5.3) | 19.8 (4.3) | −0.09 (−1.97 to 1.79) | 0.67 | 0.11 | −0.12 (−2.14 to 1.90) | 0.61 | 0.14 | |
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| |||||||||
| GAD-7 | |||||||||
| Wk 0 | 3.5 (4.9) | 3.3 (3.1) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wk 12 | 4.3 (4.9) | 4.5 (3.2) | −0.32 (−2.04 to 1.40) | 0.72 | 0.09 | −0.14 (−1.96 to 1.68) | 0.86 | 0.06 | |
|
| |||||||||
| PHQ-9 | |||||||||
| Wk 0 | 4.8 (4.2) | 5.0 (2.7) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Wk 12 | 5.3 (4.9) | 5.7 (3.5) | −0.29 (−2.05 to 1.47) | 0.73 | 0.09 | −0.15 (−2.01 to 1.71) | 0.78 | 0.06 | |
a
Adjusting for baseline score.
b
Adjusting for baseline score, sex, and BMI. Bold data indicates statistically significant. BMI = body mass index. BPI = Brief Pain Inventory. CG = control group. CI= confidence interval. GAD-7 = 7-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder. HGS = handgrip strength. ITT = intention to treat. NM = neuromuscular. PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire. PSEQ = Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. SD = standard deviation. SF-12 = 12-Item Short Form Health Survey. TUGT = Timed-Up-and-Go test. Wk = week.