Figure 1.

Key elements of glucose and glycogen metabolism. Enzymes in blue direct glycogen synthesis and are largely stimulated by insulin. Enzymes in green direct glycogenolysis and are largely stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine. Enzymes in red are involved in the breakdown of glucose 6-phosphate to provide energy via glycolysis. (Based on the diagram from “Glucose and glycogen in the diabetic kidney: heroes or villains? Mitchell A. Sullivan, Josephine M. Forbes” (2019)¹).