Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with severe or moderate forms of COVID-19 and patients with and without TEEs
| Characteristic | Moderate COVID-19 | Severe COVID-19 | P | TEE-negative | TEE-positive | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total no. of patients | 73 | 38 | 100 | 11 | ||
| Age, y | 69 [57-80] | 56 [52-70] | .003 | 68 [55-80] | 50 [37-58] | .003 |
| Sex | .318 | .213 | ||||
| Male | 36 | 23 | 51 | 8 | ||
| Female | 37 | 15 | 49 | 3 | ||
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
| Obesity | 14 (19) | 11 (29) | .215 | 20 (20) | 5 (45) | .116 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 21 (29) | 8 (21) | .495 | 28 (28) | 1 (9) | .282 |
| Hypertension | 40 (55) | 14 (37) | .109 | 51 (51) | 3 (27) | .204 |
| Diabetes | 21 (29) | 6 (16) | .165 | 24 (24) | 3 (27) | .727 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 24 (33) | 9 (24) | .384 | 32 (32) | 1 (9) | .169 |
| Clinical data at admission and treatments received during hospital stay | ||||||
| Oxygen saturation, % | 97 [94-98] | 94 [79-96] | <.0001 | 96 [94-98] | 85 [70-94] | .001 |
| Received supplemental oxygen | 38 (52) | 38 (100) | <.0001 | 65 (65) | 11 (100) | .016 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | NA | 18 (47) | 2 (2) | 9 (82) | <.0001 | |
| Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation | NA | 8 (21) | 1 (1) | 7 (64) | <.0001 | |
| Anticoagulation therapy | ||||||
| Heparin (preventive dose) | 50 (69) | 13 (34) | .001 | 62 (62) | 1 (9) | .001 |
| Heparin (treatment dose) | 0 (0) | 18 (47) | <.0001 | 8 (8) | 10 (91) | <.0001 |
| Direct oral anticoagulants | 9 (12) | 1 (3) | .084 | 10 (10) | 0 (0) | .336 |
| Anti-vitamin K | 5 (7) | 1 (3) | .327 | 6 (6) | 0 (0) | .526 |
| None | 9 (12) | 5 (13) | .560 | 14 (14) | 0 (0) | .210 |
| Antiviral treatment | ||||||
| Hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin | 61 (84) | 23 (61) | .010 | 80 (80) | 4 (36) | .004 |
| Lopinavir + ritonavir | 0 (0) | 4 (11) | .012 | 2 (2) | 2 (18) | .048 |
| None | 17 (23) | 6 (16) | .143 | 18 (18) | 5 (45) | .048 |
| TEEs | 0 (0) | 11 (29) | <.0001 | |||
| Venous thrombosis | 0 (0) | 8 (73) | ||||
| Pulmonary embolism | 0 (0) | 2 (18) | ||||
| Ischemic stroke | 0 (0) | 1 (9) | ||||
| Outcomes | ||||||
| 28-day mortality | 0 (0) | 4 (11) | .012 | 4 (4) | 0 (0) | |
| Hospitalized in ICU | 0 (0) | 18 (47) | <.0001 | 2 (2) | 9 (82) | <.0001 |
| Transferred to ICU | NA | 6 (30) | 13 (14) | 1 (9) | .280 | |
| Hospital discharged at 28 days | 63 (86) | 18 (47) | <.0001 | 76 (100) | 5 (45) | .066 |
| White blood cell count | ||||||
| White blood cell count × 109/L | 5.62 [4.53-7.41] | 6.30 [4.71-9.40] | .232 | 5.62 [4.43-7.70] | 6.7 [5.4-15] | .056 |
| Neutrophils × 109/L | 3.47 [2.65-5.21] | 4.80 [3.17-7.64] | .016 | 3.55 [2.64-5.70] | 5.4 [4.1-11.0] | .019 |
| Lymphocytes × 109/L | 1.27 [0.95-1.69] | 0.82 [0.59-1.20] | .001 | 1.20 [0.76-1.59] | 0.93 [0.82-1.40] | .357 |
| Monocytes × 109/L | 0.50 [0.37-0.68] | 0.46 [0.24-0.62] | .111 | 0.48 [0.32-0.67] | 0.46 [0.27-0.57] | .684 |
| Platelets × 109/L | 248 [194-318] | 272 [187-334] | .947 | 250 [187-318] | 273 [231-364] | .365 |
| Chemistry parameters | ||||||
| AST, U/L | 32 [23-55] | 44 [33-61] | .039 | 35 [24-54] | 49 [34-86] | .036 |
| LDH, U/L | 287 [224-340] | 367 [296-477] | <.0001 | 296 [230-364] | 401 [324-505] | .004 |
| Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min | 91 [66-105] | 98.5 [45-109] | .542 | 92 [62-105] | 103 [63-112] | .550 |
| Inflammatory parameters | ||||||
| CRP, mg/L | 38.6 [18.6-80.1] | 125.0 [27.3-179.7] | .003 | 51.1 [18.9-101.9] | 95.8 [34.4-227.9] | .257 |
| IP-10, pg/mL | 100.5 [23.8-85.3] | 201.1 [98.4-336.1] | .004 | 121.3 [56.4-257.1] | 189.8 [111-339.5] | .211 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 24.8 [14.3-46.2] | 45.5 [21.0-89.6] | .026 | 27.9 [16.3-56.5] | 73.3 [13.5-137.6] | .094 |
| Haemostasis parameters | ||||||
| PT, % | 91 [80-101] | 85 [79-95] | .155 | 90 [80-100] | 83 [69-96] | .405 |
| aPTT ratio | 1.10 [0.98-1.19] | 1.30 [1.16-1.51] | <.0001 | 1.14 [1.01-1.30] | 1.55 [1.38-2.05] | <.0001 |
| Fibrinogen, g/L | 5.90 [5.02-6.88] | 6.56 [5.65-7.77] | .037 | 6.01 [5.15-7.04] | 7.31 [5.46-8.00] | .228 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 0.86 [0.65-1.42] | 1.74 [0.97-3.84] | <.0001 | 0.96 [0.68-1.65] | 3.29 [2.17-4.72] | <.0001 |
| Plasminogen, % | 108 [89-119] | 102 [93-114] | .580 | 104 [89-116] | 110 [101-129] | .193 |
| PAI-1, UA/mL | 1.4 [0.0-24.4] | 7.6 [0.0-28.6] | .333 | 9.7 [0.0-27.4] | 3.7 [0.0-10.9] | .652 |
| EV subsets, EV/µL | ||||||
| Platelet | 13376 [7995-18887] | 8523 [4229-15819] | .011 | 12441 [7098-18284] | 8358 [4182-13688] | .163 |
| Erythrocyte | 526 [300-1005] | 538 [263-1216] | .727 | 508 [286-999] | 760 [304-4469] | .272 |
| Granulocyte | 155 [75-345] | 214 [36-696] | .644 | 155 [74-394] | 285 [35-940] | .731 |
| Monocyte | 186 [97-340] | 201 [110-373] | .929 | 182 [98-293] | 334 [114-634] | .074 |
| Endothelial | 143 [88-247] | 181 [82-294] | .304 | 146 [87-245] | 272 [181-384] | .043 |
| Functional activities of EVs | ||||||
| Tissue factor activity (EV-TF), fM | 25 [12-59] | 231 [39-761] | <.0001 | 34 [14-105] | 629 [79-1104] | <.0001 |
| Fibrinolytic activity (EV-fib), mDO/min | 19.2 [9.7-47.8] | 28.0 [9.6-92.5] | .301 | 22.2 [9.5-63.0] | 31.1 [10.3-159.2] | .329 |
| Coagulolytic balance (EV-TF/EV-fib) | 0.6 [0.3-1.1] | 2.0 [0.6-14.6] | <.0001 | 0.6 [0.3-2.0] | 4.2 [1.1-29.5] | .002 |
Data are n (%) or median (25th to 75th percentile).
aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ICU, intensive care unit; IP-10, interferon γ-induced protein 10; NA, not applicable; TEE, thromboembolic event.