Table 1.
Demographic data
| All patients acute ischemic strokea (n = 156) |
Cryptogenic stroke (n = 55) |
Cardioembolic stroke (n = 35) |
Large vessel stroke (n = 15) |
Small vessel stroke (n = 4) |
Other (n = 11) |
p-valueb | p-valuec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, no. (%) | 0.10 | 0.97 | ||||||
| < 30 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| 30–39 | 3 (2.5) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (18.2 | ||
| 40–49 | 12 (10.0) | 6 (10.9) | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (36.4) | ||
| 50–59 | 15 (12.5) | 6 (10.9) | 5 (14.3) | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (18.2) | ||
| 60–69 | 36 (30.0) | 19 (34.6) | 8 (22.9) | 6 (40.0) | 1 (25.0) | 2 (18.2) | ||
| 70–79 | 37 (30.8) | 16 (29.1) | 13 (37.1) | 5 (33.3) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (9.1) | ||
| 80–89 | 12 (10.0) | 5 (9.1) | 4 (11.4) | 2 (13.3) | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| > 89 | 5 (4.2) | 2 (3.6) | 3 (8.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Sex, no. female (%) | 61/155 (39.4) | 19/55 (34.6) | 15/35 (42.9) | 5/14 (35.7) | 0/4 (0) | 8/11 (72.7) | 0.08 | 0.45 |
| Race, no. (%) | 0.52 | > 0.9 | ||||||
| White | 84/125 (67.2) | 31/45 (68.9) | 21/28 (75.0) | 9/12 (75.0) | 2/3 (66.7) | 5/10 (50.0) | ||
| Black | 35/125 (28.0) | 12/45 (26.7) | 7/28 (25.0) | 2/12 (16.7) | 1/3 (33.3) | 4/10 (40.0) | ||
| Asian | 2/125 (1.6) | 1/45 (2.2) | 0/28 (0) | 0/12 (0) | 0/3 (0) | 0/10 (0) | ||
| More than one race | 2/125 (1.6) | 1/45 (2.2) | 0/28 (0) | 1/12 (8.3) | 0/3 (0) | 0/10 (0) | ||
| Other | 2/125 (1.6) | 0/45 (0) | 0/28 (0) | 0/12 (0) | 0/3 (0) | 1/10 (0) | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity, no. (%) | 58/140 (41.4) | 25/49 (51.0) | 10/33 (30.3) | 4/12 (33.3) | 4/4 (100) | 10/11 (90.9) | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| Diagnosis of COVID-19 d, no. (%) | 0.11 | 0.83 | ||||||
| Nasopharyngeal PCR | 153 (98.1) | 55/55 (100) | 35/35 (100) | 15/15 (100) | 4/4 (100) | 10/11 (90.9) | ||
| Serum IgM and/or IgG | 6 (3.8) | 2/55 (3.6) | 3/35 (8.6) | 0/15 (0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 1/11 (9.1) | ||
| Known COVID-19 exposure, no. (%) | 19 (12.2) | 8/55 (14.6) | 5/35 (14.3) | 1/15 (6.7) | 0/4 (0) | 2/11 (18.2) | 0.82 | 0.69 |
| Medical history, no. (%) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 111/154 (72.1) | 38/53 (71.7) | 26/35 (74.3) | 12/15 (80.0) | 4/4 (100) | 4/11 (36.4) | 0.10 | 0.87 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 65/152 (42.8) | 22/51 (43.1) | 13/35 (37.1) | 5/15 (33.3) | 2/4 (50.0) | 7/11 (63.6) | 0.56 | 0.87 |
| Dyslipidemia | 58/142 (40.9) | 18/53 (34.0) | 17/35 (48.9) | 7/15 (46.7) | 3/4 (75.0) | 0/11 (0) | 0.01 | 0.33 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 22/148 (14.9) | 0/52 (0) | 16/35 (45.7) | 0/15 (0) | 0/4 (0) | 0/11 (0) | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 27/154 (17.5) | 5/53 (9.4) | 9/35 (25.7) | 4/15 (26.7) | 0/4 (0) | 1/11 (9.1) | 0.17 | 0.05 |
| Active tobacco use | 15/145 (10.3) | 4/52 (7.7) | 5/33 (15.2) | 0/15 (0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 0/11 (0) | 0.21 | 0.68 |
| Prior stroke | 15/140 (10.7) | 6/42 (12.5) | 2/33 (6.1) | 0/13 (0) | 0/4 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0.59 | 0.33 |
|
Chronic renal insufficiency (stage III/IV or dialysis-dependent) |
16/144 (11.1) | 3/47 (6.4) | 1/33 (3.0) | 2/13 (15.4) | 0/4 (0) | 3/11 (27.3) | 0.11 | 0.49 |
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or asthma |
11/135 (8.2) | 2/48 (4.2) | 3/33 (9.1) | 0/13 (0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 0/11 (0) | 0.28 | 0.24 |
| Cancer | 8/134 (6.0) | 4/47 (8.5) | 1/33 (2.9) | 0/13 (0) | 1/4 (25.0) | 0/11 (0) | 0.29 | 0.35 |
| Premorbid mRS, median (IQR) |
0 (0–1) (n = 124) |
0 (0–0) (n = 49) |
0 (0–1) (n = 33) |
0 (0–0) (n = 13) |
0 (0–1) (n = 4) |
0 (0–0) (n = 10) |
0.54 | > 0.9 |
Of the 11 patients with ‘Other’ etiologies, 2 had hypercoagulable states due to malignancy, 1 with hypercoagulability on laboratory testing unrelated to malignancy, 2 with arterial dissection, 1 with vasculitis due to mucormycosis, 3 with radiographic findings of posterior reversible encephalopathy with infarction, and 2 with etiologies not otherwise specified
a Acute ischemic stroke includes suspected or radiographically-confirmed cases, and in patients with multiple possible stroke mechanisms (n = 9). Patients with multiple stroke mechanisms were not included in the subsequent columns in order to minimize heterogeneity
b P-values indicate categorical comparisons between all stroke subtypes
c P-values indicate comparisons between cryptogenic and non-cryptogenic stroke subtypes (including strokes due to multiple possible etiologies)
d 3 patients with an acute ischemic stroke were diagnosed with COVID-19 using both serum antibodies and nasopharyngeal PCR. COVID-19 denotes coronavirus disease 2019, PCR polymerase chain reaction