Table 4.
Univariable and multivariable multinomial logistic regression model results assessing factors associated with latent class membership among the HIV-negative/unknown participants of the Engage-Montreal study, 2017–2018 (n = 968)a
| Variable | Class 1: Biomedical prevention use |
Class 2: Condom use |
Class 3: Seroadaptive behaviour use |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Age ≤ 30 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) |
| Sexual Orientation: gayb | 3.6 (1.7, 7.9) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 2.5 (1.5, 4.0) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| French Canadian | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| English Canadian | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.7) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.9) |
| European | 1.9 (0.9, 4.0) | 1.1 (0.4, 3.0) | 2.5 (1.5, 4.1) | 2.5 (1.4, 4.5) | 2.9 (1.7, 5.1) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.5) |
| Other | 1.6 (0.9, 2.7) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.2) | 2.3 (1.5, 3.4) | 2.4 (1.5, 3.8) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) |
| Education: post-high school diploma or higher | 3.0 (1.8, 5.3) | 2.8 (1.5, 5.3) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 2.1 (1.4, 2.9) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.1) |
| Social time spent with gay/bi guys: 50% or more | 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) |
| HIV status: unknown | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.9) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) |
| STBBI diagnosis in the past 12 months | 11.0 (6.7, 18.1) | 4.9 (2.6, 9.2) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.7) | 4.3 (2.8, 6.8) | 3.2 (1.9, 5.4) |
| Number of anal sex partners in the past 6 months | ||||||
| 0–1 | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 2–3 | 4.5 (1.5, 13.3) | 6.5 (2.1, 20.2) | 2.7 (1.8, 4.1) | 2.6 (1.7, 4.1) | 4.6 (2.8, 7.5) | 4.2 (2.4, 7.1) |
| 4–5 | 12.3 (3.9, 38.2) | 13.1 (3.9, 43.6) | 2.9 (1.6, 5.1) | 2.5 (1.4, 4.7) | 7.9 (4.3, 14.6) | 6.1 (3.2, 11.7) |
| 6+ | 67.9 (26.6, 173.4) | 63.5 (23.1, 174.7) | 3.2 (2.1, 5.0) | 2.7 (1.6, 4.6) | 10.5 (6.2, 17.7) | 6.4 (3.6, 11.4) |
| HIV status of main partner | ||||||
| No main partner | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Unknown/uncertain | 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) |
| HIV-negative | 0.6 (0.4, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.8) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) |
| HIV-positive | 2.2 (0.8, 5.6) | 3.4 (1.0, 11.4) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.5) | 0.7 (0.3, 2.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.4) |
| Perceived risk of acquiring HIV | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.7) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) |
| HIV Optimism-Skepticism Scalec | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) |
| Currently have a health care provider | 2.1 (1.3, 3.4) | 2.1 (1.1, 3.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) |
| Perceived mental health in the past 6 months | ||||||
| Excellent/very good | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Good | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) |
| Fair/poor | 1.1 (0.6, 2.0) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) |
| Drug use: crack or cocaine in the past 6 months | 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) |
| Drug use: other drugs in the past 6 monthsd | 2.9 (1.9, 4.6) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) |
| Alcohol misuse: AUDIT-C Score ≥ 4e | 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, aOR adjusted odds ratio, STBBI sexually transmitted or blood borne infection, AUDIT-C alcohol use disorders identification test, consumption questions
aReference level: Class 4—low use of prevention; confidence intervals account for clustering by participant recruiter
bSexual orientation was defined as gay versus other. The other terms used to describe one’s sexual orientation included: bisexual, straight, queer, questioning, asexual, pansexual and two-spirit
cThe HIV Treatment Optimism-Skepticism Scale [62] includes items related to the efficacy of antiretrovirals for both HIV treatment and reduced infectiousness. The scale ranges from 0 to 36, where higher scores indicate higher optimism in antiretroviral treatment
dOther drugs included any of ecstasy, crystal methamphetamine, mephedrone, speed, poppers, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and ketamine
eAlcohol misuse was measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, consumption questions (AUDIT-C), a screening tool for alcohol abuse, dependence, or heavy drinking[63]. The AUDIT-C Scale ranges from 0 to 12, where higher scores indicate higher risk of alcohol affecting one’s health and safety. Scores were dichotomized at the optimal cut point for identifying alcohol dependence in men [64]: ≥ 4 vs. lower