Table 1.
Methodological quality assessment of included studies based on a modified Downs and Black scale [33, 34]
| Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 25 | Total score | Quality level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almeida et al. [41] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| Chung et al. [42] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | H |
| Clagg et al. [43] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Engelen-van Melick et al. [44] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Freddolini et al. [45] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Garrison et al. [46] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | M |
| Goetschius and Hart [47] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Goetschius et al. [48] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | H |
| Hall et al. [49] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Harkey et al. [10] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | H |
| Holsgaard-Larsen et al. [50] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | H |
| Hsiao et al. [51] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| Hsieh et al. [52] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Ilich et al. [53] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| Johnson et al. [54] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Kaminska et al. [55] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Kellis et al. [56] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Kline et al. [57] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Krishnan and Williams [58] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Kuenze et al. [20] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | H |
| Kuenze et al. [59] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 13 | H |
| Kvist et al. [60] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Larsen et al. [11] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| Lepley et al. [61] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | H |
| Lepley et al. [9] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 12 | H |
| Lepley et al. [62] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Maeda et al. [63] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Norte et al. [64] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| Oeffinger et al. [65] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| O’Malley et al. [66] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Pamukoff et al. [22] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Pamukoff et al. [67] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Reed-Jones and Vallis [68] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Ristanis et al. [69] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Roos et al. [70] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Scheurer et al. [71] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Sturnieks et al. [72] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Tengman et al. [12] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 13 | H |
| Thomas et al. [73] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Thorlund et al. [74] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13 | H |
| Thorlund et al. [75] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12 | H |
| Tourville et al. [76] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 | H |
| Tsarouhas et al. [77] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Vairo [78] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 12 | H |
| Vairo et al. [79] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Ward et al. [80] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 11 | M |
| Welling et al. [81] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Xergia et al. [82] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | M |
| Zarzycki et al. [83] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | M |
| Zult et al. [84] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
| Zwolski et al. [85] | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 11 | M |
Numbers in the top row are the item numbers in the original Downs and Black scale
H high quality, M moderate quality