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. 2021 Jan 29;12:675. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20662-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Using direct piezoelectric measurement, various piezoelectric coefficients are determined: a d₃₃ and b d₃₁, d₃₂ as a function of dynamic stress for the highly poled BOPVDF film. The red star in a indicates the d₃₃ value measured by the d₃₃ piezo meter with a static force of 2.5 N. c Compression modulus (Y₃) is determined by nanoindentation, and d tensile moduli (Y₁ and Y₂) are determined by the stress-strain curves for the highly poled BOPVDF film. The maximum k_3j (j = 1, 2, and 3) values are shown in c and d.