Table 3.
Geometric means (95% confidence intervals) of nicotine and VOC urine metabolites at endpoint by marijuana and tobacco smoking.
| Metabolite | Abbreviation | MJ-TS- (n = 30) | MJ+TS- (n = 16) | MJ-TS+ (n = 23) | MJ+TS+ (n = 22) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotine and tobacco alkaloids (ng/mg creatinine) | |||||
| Cotinine | COTT | 2·9 (2·3, 3·6) | 3·8 (2·1, 6·9) | 2166 (1419, 3306) | 1494 (782, 2854) |
| Hydroxycotinine | HCTT | 5·7 (4·6, 7·2) | 8·5 (4·4, 16·5) | 5392 (3747, 7759) | 3537 (2280, 5486) |
| Cotinine-n-oxide | COXT | 1·2 (1·0, 1·5) | 1·3 (0·8, 2·0) | 361 (254, 515) | 206 (130, 326) |
| Nicotine | NICT | 6·4 (5·1, 8·0) | 5·4 (3·5, 8·4) | 1485 (899, 2452) | 701 (310, 1587) |
| Nicotine-1′N-oxide | NOXT | 1·5 (1·2, 1·9) | 1·3 (0·8, 2·2) | 337 (201, 566) | 166 (87, 315) |
| Nornicotine | NNCT | 1·5 (1·2, 1·9) | 1·1 (0·8, 1·7) | 73·7 (49·0, 111·1) | 47·2 (23·2, 96·3) |
| Anabasine | ANBT | 0·31 (0·3, 0·4) | 0·23 (0·2, 0·4) | 7·30 (4·6, 11·7) | 4·22 (2·0, 8·8) |
| Anatabine | ANTT | 0·24 (0·2, 0·3) | 0·18 (0·1, 0·3) | 12·70 (7·7, 21·0) | 7·05 (3·1, 16·1) |
| 1-(3-Pyridyl)−1-butanol-4-carboxylic acid | HPBT | 1·29 (0·9, 1·8) | 3·12 (1·6, 6·1) | 703 (460, 1074) | 435 (255, 743) |
| VOCs (µg/g creatinine) | |||||
| 2-Methylhippuric acid | 2MHA | 29 (20, 42) | 46 (22, 97) | 108 (75, 155) | 117 (71, 192) |
| 3-Methylhippuric acid + 4-Methylhippuric acid | 34MH | 168 (128, 220) | 250 (152, 409) | 709 (499, 1008) | 616 (446, 849) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine | AAMA | 43 (35, 53) | 78 (44, 139) | 111 (87, 143) | 152 (117, 199) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine | GAMA | 7·9 (6·4, 9·8) | 15·7 (9·3, 26·6) | 16·1 (12·1, 21·3) | 19·8 (15·7, 25·0) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine | CYHA | 1·61 (1·3, 2·0) | 4·9 (2·3, 10·4) | 26·9 (16·7, 43·3) | 30·8 (17·6, 53·7) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine | CYMA | 1·47 (1·1, 2·0) | 12·47 (4·2, 37·4) | 102 (60, 172) | 180 (117, 277) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine | CEMA | 115 (92, 142) | 148 (92, 239) | 384 (295, 501) | 335 (233, 481) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine | 3HPMA | 292 (252, 339) | 312 (195, 498) | 1180 (800, 1741) | 1111 (727, 1699) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-cysteine | BMA | 9·2 (6·3, 13·4) | 9·6 (6·1, 15·2) | 6·6 (4·5, 9·7) | 8·1 (4·6, 14·1) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(n-propyl)-L-cysteine | BPMA† | 4·6 (2·9, 7·1) | 2·0 (0·9, 4·3) | 1·4 (0·7, 2·8) | 1·9 (0·9, 4·2) |
| Mandelic acid | MADA | 99 (68, 145) | 160 (127, 203) | 257 (190, 347) | 282 (204, 391) |
| Phenylglyoxylic acid | PHGA | 214 (174, 264) | 244 (183, 325) | 362 (284, 462) | 381 (278, 523) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine | PMA | 0·9 (0·7, 1·2) | 0·6 (0·4, 0·9) | 0·8 (0·6, 1·1) | 1·0 (0·7, 1·4) |
| N-Acetyl-S- (2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine | HPM2 | 32·7 (24·4, 43·7) | 26·4 (18·8, 37·2) | 65·5 (47·8, 89·9) | 72·3 (52·2, 100·2) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine | PHEM† | 1·30 (0·9, 1·9) | 0·83 (0·54, 1·29) | 1·69 (1·27, 2·25) | 2·30 (1·6, 3·3) |
| trans, trans-Muconic acid | MUCA† | 108 (68, 170) | 63 (41, 95) | 161 (114, 226) | 143 (85, 239) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine | AMCA | 145 (108, 195) | 201 (139, 290) | 469 (345, 637) | 505 (384, 664) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine | HEMA† | 0·9 (0·7, 1·2) | 0·7 (0·4, 1·0) | 1·3 (0·9, 1·9) | 2·1 (1·1, 3·9) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine | DHBM | 439 (375, 513) | 277 (170, 449) | 526 (436, 635) | 511 (419, 624) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine | MHB3 | 4·4 (3·5, 5·5) | 5·5 (3·3, 9·2) | 24·9 (14·7, 42·1) | 29·7 (20·7, 42·6) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(3-hydroxypropyl-1-methyl)-L-cysteine | HPMM | 667 (480, 927) | 498 (349, 709) | 2166 (1514, 3097) | 2222 (1617, 3051) |
| N-Acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine | IPM3 | 4·0 (3·0, 5·5) | 4·5 (2·6, 7·9) | 36·4 (21·2, 62·4) | 33·7 (21·0, 54·0) |
| 2-Thioxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid | TTCA | 14·9 (11·0, 20·1) | 25·2 (14·7, 43·3) | 16·4 (10·7, 25·2) | 22·8 (16·5, 31·4) |
| 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid | ATCA† | 186 (130, 267) | 93 (49, 175) | 53 (33, 87) | 146 (88, 241) |
Abbreviations: MJ-TS-, non-smoker; MJ+TS-, marijuana-only smoker; MJ-TS+, tobacco-only smoker; MJ+TS+, dual marijuana-tobacco smoker; VOCs, volatile organic compounds.
†
(ng/mg).