Table 1.
Association estimates (ORs, 95% CI) of carbonated soft drink consumption with stress-related sleep disturbance among adolescents, by World Health Organization (WHO) regions, Global School-based Student Health Survey, 2009–2016.
| WHO regions | Male adolescents | Female adolescents | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–2 times/day | ≥ 3 times/day | 1–2 times/day | ≥ 3 times/day | |||||
| OR (95% CI) | I² | OR (95% CI) | I² | OR (95% CI) | I² | OR (95% CI) | I² | |
| Africa | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) | 0% | 1.61 (1.13–2.31) | 27.7% | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0% | 1.12 (0.85–1.49) | 18.7% |
| The Americas | 1.05 (0.88–1.24) | 3.7% | 1.50 (1.24–1.80) | 2.6% | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 40.4% | 1.57 (1.33–1.85) | 28.2% |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 0% | 1.42 (1.22–1.67) | 0% | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 21.5% | 1.51 (1.20–1.91) | 62.6% |
| Southeast Asia | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 18.5% | 1.77 (1.26–2.48) | 0% | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | 0% | 1.66 (1.15–2.40) | 31.4% |
| Western Pacific | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 17.6% | 1.73 (1.42–2.11) | 65.2% | 1.10 (0.89–1.34) | 50.8% | 1.61 (1.29–2.00) | 33.5% |
| Overall | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 2.1% | 1.55 (1.42–1.70) | 56.3% | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 36.6% | 1.51 (1.37–1.68) | 39.5% |
| p-value of test of heterogeneity | 0.43 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | ||||
Reference category: <one time/day.
OR=odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.
I² measures the percentage of variance that was attributable to study heterogeneity.