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. 2021 Jan 29;4:136. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-01670-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Schematic of the in vivo recording and imaging setup. Image created with BioRender.com. b Image of the graphene electrode array placed over barrel cortex, with baseline calcium epifluorescence visible in green, and array outlined in white to show locations of the electrodes. Scale bar: 300 μm. c Examples of two clinician-validated high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) recorded on graphene electrodes. Raw, wideband signal from three adjacent electrodes highlights the localized nature of the HFOs. Below these, the 80–600 Hz bandpass-filtered signal and the spectrogram, which reveals 200–300 Hz power consistent with fast-ripple HFOs, are shown for the bottom-most wideband signal trace. d Two representative examples of ictal wavefront onset and propagation patterns observed in the calcium epifluorescence imaging for different seizure events, showing complex non-stereotyped spatial patterns of activation and spread. Ictal wavefront progression is overlaid on images of baseline fluorescence. Scale bars: 500 μm.