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. 2021 Jan 29;12:716. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20947-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic of conventional interleaved photoacoustic-ultrasound (PAUS) imaging: pulsed laser radiation irradiates the tissue simultaneously from all fibers surrounding the US detector, thus creating broad-beam illumination. b Spectroscopic PAUS requires sequential multi-wavelength illumination of moving tissue. As shown herein, tissue motion during spectroscopic acquisition can corrupt measurements of the concentration of different chromophores (blood and gold nanorods (GNR), for example) in an image pixel. c Wavelength- and depth-dependent optical fluence in tissue can strongly affect measurements of optical absorption spectra. In this example, the GNR spectrum changes with increasing image depth.