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. 2021 Jan 29;9:7. doi: 10.1038/s41413-020-00125-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Animal models of painful IVD degeneration. These models include a mechanical model, a needle puncture model through a posterior or anterior approach, and a spontaneous IVD degeneration and LBP model represented by SPARC-null mice. IVD intervertebral disc, LBP low back pain, SPARC secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine