Table 2.
Mixed-effects regression models of the association of hospital bed supply and inequality with maternal mortality ratio, China, 2004–2016
| Variables | Log of maternal mortality ratio | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5d | |
| Fixed effects, β (95% CI) | |||||
| Hospital beds per 1000 population | −0.201c (−0.268, −0.134) | −0.178c (−0.245,-0.110) | −0.112c (− 0.191,-0.033) | −0.112b (− 0.210, − 0.013) | |
| Gini coefficient | 2.036c (0.941, 3.131) | 1.931c (0.840, 3.023) | 1.837c (0.762, 2.911) | 1.354b (0.123, 2.584) | |
| Birth rate, ‰ | −0.005 (− 0.035, 0.026) | −0.010 (− 0.041, 0.020) | −0.012 (− 0.046, 0.023) | ||
| Female illiteracy, % | 0.020c (0.008, 0.031) | 0.018c (0.006, 0.030) | 0.022c (0.009, 0.035) | ||
| Log of GDP per capita | −0.382c (− 0.645, − 0.118) | −0.406c (− 0.710, − 0.101) | |||
| Year | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Random effects, variance (SE) | |||||
| Variance between provinces | 0.506 (0.135) | 0.405 (0.108) | 0.319 (0.089) | 0.243 (0.071) | 0.222 (0.071) |
| Variance within provinces | 0.239 (0.018) | 0.055 (0.004) | 0.055 (0.004) | 0.055 (0.004) | 0.062 (0.006) |
| Residual covariance | 0.401 (0.058) | ||||
| ICC | 0.679 | 0.881 | 0.854 | 0.816 | 0.783 |
| -2 Residual log likelihood | 671.36 | 157.92 | 162.86 | 157.95 | 109.70 |
| AIC | 675.36 | 161.92 | 166.86 | 161.95 | 115.7 |
Note: CI: confidence interval, SE: standard error, ICC: intraclass correlation, AIC: Akaike info criterion. c, b and a denote 1, 5 and 10% significance levels, respectively. d, Compared with model 4, model 5 further took the serial covariance in MMR across time within provinces into account when measuring the residual effects