Figure 1.

ATGL inhibition ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis induced by β-adrenergic stimulation. A: schematic of the Atglistatin model. C57Bl/6N mice were allocated into two groups, fed with standard chow diet or with Atglistatin-containing diet, at 7-wk-old. At 8-wk-old, a mini-osmotic pump containing vehicle or isoproterenol (ISO) was implanted. After 2 wk, the cardiac structure and function were assessed with echocardiography, and then mice were euthanized and tissues collected for further analysis. For assessment of lipolysis, gonadal white adipose tissue (WAT) was excised from C57Bl/6N mice and incubated with or without ISO in the presence or absence of Atglistatin, and then nonesterified fatty acid levels in the medium was measured. B: corrected left ventricular (LV) mass obtained with echocardiography (n = 7–10 mice per group). C: representative images of left ventricle section stained with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 (green) and DAPI (blue). Scale bar represents 50 μm. D: surface area of cardiomyocytes (n = 4–5 mice per group). E: representative images of left ventricle section stained with Picro-Sirius Red staining. Scale bar represents 50 μm. F: proportions of Picro-Sirius Red staining-positive region (n = 9–10 mice per group). G: relative transcript levels of Postn (Periostin) in the heart (n = 9–10 mice per group), normalized to the expression of cyclophilin A. Dots represent individual values. Data are presented as the means ± SD. P values were derived by two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple-comparisons test as post hoc. *Comparison with its own vehicle group. †Comparison of standard chow with vehicle group and Atglistatin with vehicle group. #Comparison of standard chow with ISO group to Atglistatin with ISO group. *, †P < 0.05; **, ##P < 0.01; ***, ###P < 0.001. ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase. Figure 1A was created with art materials provided by Servier Medical Art, licensed under a Creative Common Attribution 3.0 Generic License. http://smart.servier.com/