Table 3.
Logistic regression estimates for cognitive impairment by background characteristics among older adults in India
| Variables | Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-4 | Model-5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | OR (95 % CI) | |
| Smoking tobacco | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.15*(1.01,1.31) | 1.24*(1.02,1.49) | 1.22*(1.01,1.47) | ||
| Chewing tobacco | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 1.62*(1.46,1.8) | 0.93(0.80,1.08) | 0.92(0.81,1.08) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.89(0.75,1.06) | 1.30*(1.02,1.65) | 1.28*(1.01–1.63) | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 60–69 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 70–79 | 1.47*(1.28,1.69) | 1.47*(1.29,1.69) | 1.47*(1.29,1.69) | 1.47*(1.29,1.69) | |
| 80+ | 1.97*(1.57,2.47) | 1.95*(1.55,2.45) | 1.95*(1.55,2.45) | 1.95*(1.55,2.45) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Men | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Women | 1.26*(1.08,1.46) | 1.26*(1.08,1.46) | 1.25*(1.08,1.45) | 1.25*(1.08,1.45) | |
| Education | |||||
| No education | 3.42*(2.59,4.5) | 3.41*(2.59,4.5) | 3.42*(2.59,4.5) | 3.42*(2.59,4.5) | |
| Below 5 years | 2.60*(1.98,3.4) | 2.59*(1.97,3.39) | 2.59*(1.98,3.39) | 2.59*(1.98,3.39) | |
| 6–10 years | 1.38*(1.08,1.77) | 1.39*(1.08,1.78) | 1.39*(1.08,1.78) | 1.39*(1.08,1.78) | |
| 11 + years | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Working status | |||||
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| No | 1.23*(1.06,1.42) | 1.24*(1.07,1.43) | 1.23*(1.06,1.43) | 1.23*(1.06,1.43) | |
| Retired | 0.89(0.71,1.13) | 0.90(0.71,1.14) | 0.90(0.71,1.14) | 0.90(0.71,1.14) | |
| Marital Status | |||||
| Currently in Union | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Not in Union | 1.14*(1,1.31) | 1.14(0.99,1.3) | 1.14(0.99,1.3) | 1.14(0.99,1.3) | |
| Community involvement | |||||
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| No | 1.13(0.98,1.31) | 1.14(0.99,1.32) | 1.14(0.99,1.32) | 1.14(0.99,1.32) | |
| Trust over someone | |||||
| Yes | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| No | 1.22*(1.04,1.44) | 1.22*(1.03,1.43) | 1.22*(1.03,1.43) | 1.22*(1.03,1.43) | |
| Living arrangement | |||||
| Others | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Living alone/with spouse | 0.94(0.81,1.09) | 0.93(0.81,1.08) | 0.93(0.81,1.08) | 0.93(0.81,1.08) | |
| Self-rated health | |||||
| Good | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Poor | 1.50*(1.34,1.69) | 1.49*(1.32,1.67) | 1.49*(1.32,1.67) | 1.49*(1.32,1.67) | |
| Chronic morbidity | |||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.36*(1.20,1.54) | 1.36*(1.20,1.54) | 1.36*(1.20,1.54) | 1.36*(1.20,1.54) | |
| ADL | |||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Low | 1.97*(1.49,2.59) | 1.95*(1.48,2.56) | 1.95*(1.48,2.56) | 1.95*(1.48,2.56) | |
| IADL | |||||
| High | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Low | 1.27*(1.12,1.44) | 1.26*(1.11,1.43) | 1.26*(1.11,1.43) | 1.26*(1.11,1.43) | |
| Caste | |||||
| Non-SC/ST | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| SC/ST | 1.08(0.94,1.21) | 1.11(0.95,1.27) | 1.11(0.95,1.27) | 1.11(0.95,1.27) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Muslim | 0.87(0.68,1.11) | 0.87(0.68,1.1) | 0.87(0.68,1.11) | 0.87(0.68,1.11) | |
| Others | 1.14(0.94,1.38) | 1.13(0.93,1.36) | 1.13(0.93,1.36) | 1.13(0.93,1.36) | |
| Wealth index | |||||
| Rich | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Middle | 1.38*(1.18,1.61) | 1.38*(1.18,1.61) | 1.38*(1.18,1.61) | 1.38*(1.18,1.61) | |
| Poor | 1.6*(1.36,1.9) | 1.58*(1.34,1.86) | 1.58*(1.34,1.86) | 1.58*(1.34,1.86) | |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Rural | 1.02(0.9,1.14) | 1.02(0.9,1.15) | 1.02(0.9,1.15) | 1.02(0.9,1.15) | |
| States | |||||
| Himachal Pradesh | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Punjab | 0.98(0.75,1.29) | 0.98(0.75,1.29) | 0.98(0.75,1.29) | 0.98(0.75,1.29) | |
| West Bengal | 4.21*(3.23,5.49) | 4.28*(3.28,5.59) | 4.28*(3.28,5.58) | 4.28*(3.28,5.58) | |
| Orissa | 1.61*(1.26,2.06) | 1.63*(1.27,2.08) | 1.63*(1.28,2.08) | 1.63*(1.28,2.08) | |
| Maharashtra | 1.17(0.94,1.47) | 1.11(0.89,1.39) | 1.10(0.88,1.38) | 1.10(0.88,1.38) | |
| Kerala | 2.29*(1.81,2.9) | 2.35*(1.85,2.97) | 2.34*(1.85,2.96) | 2.34*(1.85,2.96) | |
| Tamil Nadu | 0.58*(0.46,0.73) | 0.60*(0.48,0.75) | 0.60*(0.48,0.75) | 0.60*(0.48,0.75) | |
| Smoking tobacco # Alcohol consumption | |||||
| No # No | Ref. | ||||
| No # Yes | 1.39(0.93,2.07) | ||||
| Yes # No | 1.24*(1.01,1.52) | ||||
| Yes # Yes | 1.56*(1.21,2) | ||||
| Chewing tobacco # Alcohol consumption | |||||
| No # No | Ref. | ||||
| No # Yes | 1.28(0.96,1.7) | ||||
| Yes # No | 0.92(0.78,1.08) | ||||
| Yes # Yes | 1.26(0.9,1.78) | ||||
| Smoking tobacco # chewing tobacco | |||||
| No # No | Ref. | ||||
| No # Yes | 0.90(0.77–1.08) | ||||
| Yes # No | 1.17(0.95–1.43) | ||||
| Yes # Yes | 1.15(0.82–1.60) | ||||
ADL Activities of Daily Living; IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; SC/ST Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe; *if p<0.05; Ref Reference; #: Interaction; OR Odds Ratio; CI Confidence Interval