Fig. 2.

Molecular changes related to haematopoietic ageing at different molecular levels. Single-cell technologies provide insight into cell-to-cell variation in the context of haematopoietic ageing at various molecular levels. Current single-cell techniques enable the investigation of somatic mutations, epigenetic changes, gene expression heterogeneity and changes in the proteome and metabolome related to the process of ageing. The combination of different single-cell techniques (multiomics) allows for the investigation of multiple molecular features from the same cell, thus providing more data to understand the process of haematopoietic ageing. Yellow circles indicate methylation. BM, bone marrow; CyTOF, single-cell mass cytometry; scATACseq, single-cell assay for transposase accessible chromatin sequencing; scBSseq, single-cell bisulphite sequencing; scDNAseq, single-cell DNA sequencing; scRNAseq, single-cell RNA sequencing.