Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Source | Area | Average age (age range) | Study population | No. of men/women | Intervention group | Control group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| An et al. [47] | Shanghai | 65 ± 7.36 | Patients with KOA | 0/28 | N = 14 Baduanjin 30 min; 5 times/w; 8 w | N = 14 keep routine as usual 8 w |
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| An et al. [48] | Shanghai | 65.2 ± 7.3 | Patients with KOA | 3/19 | N = 22 Baduanjin 30 min; 5 times/w; 1y | — |
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| Bao et al. [60] | American | 83 | Older adults | 3/13 | N = 16 Baduanjin (mixed) 45–50 min; 12 w | — |
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| Chan et al. [44] | HK | 39 ± 7.93 | Women with chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness | 42/108 | N = 75 Baduanjin 90 min; 16 times/9 w (group training) + ≥30 min; 7 times/w; 9 w (self- practice) | N = 75 keep routine as usual 9 w |
|
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| Chan et al. [45] | HK | 32.5–47.0 | Persons with chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness | 0/108 | N = 46 Baduanjin 90 min; 16 times/9 w (group training) + ≥30 min; 7 times/w; 9 w (self-practice) | N = 62 keep routine as usual 9 w |
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| Chen et al. [36] | Taiwan | 45.16 ± 5.78 | Healthy middle-aged women | 0/87 | N = 44 Baduanjin 3 times/w; 12 w | N = 43 keep routine as usual 12 w |
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| Chen et al. [37] | Taiwan | 71.75 ± 8.13 | Community-dwelling older people | 19/36 | N = 27 Baduanjin 30 min; 3 times/w; 12 w | N = 28 keep routine as usual 12 w |
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| Chen et al. [53] | Sichuan | 60.10 ± 7.06 | Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 147/85 | N = 117 usual care + Baduanjin 30 min; 7 times/w; 3 m | N = 115 usual care 3 m |
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| Chen et al. [7] | Guangdong | 62 | Patients with dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response | 1/0 | N = 1 usual care + Baduanjin (sitting Baduanjin) 30 min; 2 times/d; 19 d | — |
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| Chen et al. [38] | Taiwan | 38.9 ± 9.6 | People with severe mental illness | 8/3 | N = 11 Baduanjin 90 min; 2 times/w; 8 w | — |
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| Chen et al. [30] | Beijing | 22.5 ± 2.0 | Healthy college students | 16/26 | N = 21 Baduanjin 90 min; 5 times/w; 8 w | N = 21 muscle relaxation training 90 min; 5times/w; 8 w |
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| Chen et al. [35] | Taiwan | 70.29 ± 13.53 | Patients with stable heart failure | 42/38 | N = 39 Baduanjin 35 min; 3 times/w; 12 w | N = 41 keep routine as usual 12 w |
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| Chen et al. [40] | Guangdong | 60.7 ± 11.12 | Patients with AMI after PCI | 59/23 | N = 43 usual care + Baduanjin (mixed) 30 min; 2 times/d; 3 d (sitting Baduanjin) 30 min; 5 times/w; 4 d-24 w (standing Baduanjin) | N = 39 keep routine as usual 24 w |
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| Cheung et al. [46] | HK | 41.75 ± 8.99 | Women survivors of intimate partner violence | 0/271 | N = 136 Baduanjin 120 min; 2 times/w; 6 w (group training) + 60 min; 1 time/w; 7–22 w (group follow-up) +30 min; 7 times/w; 1–22 w (self-practice) | N = 135 keep routine as usual 22 w |
|
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| Dong et al. [57] | Jiangxi | 30–65 | Patients with phlegm-dampness hypertension | 26/21 | N = 23 Baduanjin 60 min; 5 times/w; 16 w | N = 24 usual care 16 w |
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| Fan et al. [41] | Shenzhen | 71.1 ± 6.3 | Elderly patients with sleep disturbances | 34/105 | N = 67 Baduanjin 45 min; 5 times/w; 24 w | N = 72 keep routine as usual 24 w |
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| Han et al. [31] | Beijing | 56 ± 8.86 | Postoperative non-small cell lung cancer patients | 28/32 | N = 30 Baduanjin 60 min; 3 times/w; 1 w (training); 30 min; 10 times/w; 2 w-3 m (self-practise) | N = 30 keep routine as usual 3 m |
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| Hsu et al. [39] | Taiwan | 49.93 ± 4.38 | Middle-aged women | 0/31 | N = 31 Baduanjin 20 min; 3 times/w; 12 w | — |
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| Jin et al. [17] | Wuhan | 34.2 ± 14.57 | Physically healthy people | Not mentioned | N = 55 Baduanjin 30–60 min; ≥3 times/w; 16 w | N = 55 keep routine as usual 16 w |
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| Jing et al. [49] | Tangshan | 75.08 ± 5.26 | Elderly housebound | 40/78 | N = 39 Baduanjin 60–90 min; 2 times/m; 3 m 1times/m; 3–6 m | N = 79 control group1: CBT 6 m control group2: Baduanjin + CBT 60–90 min; 2 times/m; 3 m 1 time/m; 3–6 m |
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| Li et al. [55] | Wuhan | 34.2 ± 14.6 | Physically healthy adults | 36/74 | N = 55 Baduanjin 30–60 min; 3 times/w; 16 w | N = 55 keep routine as usual 16 w |
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| Li et al. [20] | Fuzhou | 20.78 ± 1.1 | Healthy college students | 36/170 | N = 101 Baduanjin 60 min; 5 times/w; 12w | N = 105 keep routine as usual 12w |
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| Li et al. [54] | Sichuan | 50.98 ± 7.76 | Patients with schizophrenia | 47/14 | N = 30 Baduanjin 40 min; 5 times/w; 24 w | N = 31 brisk walking 40 min; 5 times/w; 24 w |
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| Liang et al. [42] | Guangdong | 55.25 ± 9.38 | Patients with essential hypertensive | 38/22 | N = 30 usual care + Baduanjin 20 min; 10 times/w; 6 m | N = 30 usual care + walking 20 min; 10 times/w; 6 m |
|
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| Liao et al. [32] | Beijing | 18–60 | People with fatigue- Predominant subhealth | 33/96 | N = 62 Baduanjin 30 min; 14 times/w; 6 w | N = 67 keep routine as usual 6 w |
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| Liu et al. [56] | Shanxi | 57.2 ± 5.4 | Women with diabetes | 0/35 | N = 17 Baduanjin 90 min; 6 times/w; 24 w | N = 18 keep routine as usual 24 w |
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| Liu et al. [21] | Fuzhou | 59.17 ± 7.36 | Patients with KOA | 25/83 | N = 29 Baduanjin 60 min; 5 times/w; 12 w | N = 79 control group1: Taichi 60 min; 5 times/w; 12 w control group2: cycling 60 min; 5 times/w; 12 w control group3: health education 60 min; 1 time/w; 12 w |
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| Liu et al. [59] | Singapore | 77.1 ± 5.9 | Frail older adults | 3/9 | N = 12 Baduanjin 90 min; 2 times/w; 4 w (training) 90 min; 3 times/w; 5–16 w (self-practise) | — |
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| Lu et al. [51] | Nanjing | 55.11 ± 11.51 | Patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy | 56/31 | N = 43 Baduanjin 20–40 min; ≥5 times/w; 24 w | N = 44 usual care 24 w |
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| Mao et al. [43] | Beijing | 60.86 ± 10.63 | Patients after acute myocardial infarction | 73/37 | N = 56 Baduanjin 30 min; 2 times/w; 12 w | N = 54 aerobic exercise 30 min; 2 times/w; 12 w |
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| Tao et al. [22] | Fuzhou | 61.29 ± 4.85 | Older adults | 20/41 | N = 15 Baduanjin 60 min; 5 times/w; 12 w | N = 46 control group1: Taichi 60 min; 5 times/w; 12w control group2: keep routine as usual 12 w |
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| Tao et al. [23] | Fuzhou | 65.55 ± 4.40 | Patients with mild cognitive impairment | 18/39 | N = 20 Baduanjin 60 min; 3 times/w; 24 w | N = 37 control group1: brisk walking 60 min; 3 times/w; 24w control group2: health education 30 min/w; 24 w |
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| Tsang et al. [6] | HK | 80.11 ± 5.63 | Chinese depressed elders with chronic illness | 12/26 | N = 21 Baduanjin 45 min; 3 times/w; 12w | N = 17 reading 45 min; 3 times/w; 12 w |
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| Wang [33] | Beijing | 59.35 ± 1.6 | Old people | 42/71 | N = 55 Baduanjin 60 min; 5–7 times/w; 6 m | N = 58 keep routine as usual 6 m |
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| Wang et al. [18] | Shanghai | 65.19 ± 4.88 | Patients with essential hypertensive | Not mentioned | N = 61 usual care + Baduanjin 20–30 min; 4-5 times/w; 1 y | N = 61 usual care 1 y |
|
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| Wang et al. [4] | Tianjin | 54.09 ± 7.76 | Breast cancer survivors | 0/86 | N = 46 Baduanjin ≥20 min; 7 times/w; 6 m | N = 40 Keep routine as usual 6 m |
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| Xia et al. [24] | Fuzhou | 65.51 ± 4.35 | Older adults with mild cognitive impairment | 23/46 | N = 23 Baduanjin + health education Baduanjin:60 min; 3 times/w; 24w + Health education:30 min; 1 time/8 w; 24 w | N = 46 control group1: brisk walking + health education brisk walking:60 min; 3 times/w; 24w + health education:30 min; 1 time/8 w; 24 w control group2: keep routine as usual + health education 30 min; 1 time/8 w; 24 w |
|
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| Xiao et al. [19] | Beijing | 67.8 ± 9.4 | Patients with Parkinson's disease | Not mentioned | N = 35 Baduanjin 60 min; 4 times/w; 6 m | N = 33 physical therapy 6 m |
|
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| Xiao et al. [34] | Beijing | 67.53 ± 8.56 | Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease | 67/29 | N = 48 Baduanjin + walk Baduanjin:12–15 min; 4 times/w; 6m + walk: ≥30 min; 7 times/w; 6 m | N = 48 walk ≥30 min; 7 times/w; 6 m |
|
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| Xiao et al. [50] | Hebei | Not mentioned | Adults with cardiovascular diseases | 50/79 | N = 66 Baduanjin 24 min; 5 times/w; 16 w | N = 63 Keep routine as usual 16 w |
|
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| Xie et al. [52] | Nanjing | 37.39 ± 11.35 | Patients with ankylosing spondylitis | 35/11 | N = 23 Baduanjin 2times/w; 4 w (instruction) ≥3 times/w; 5–12 w (self-practise) | N = 23 Keep routine as usual 12 w |
|
| ||||||
| Ye et al. [25] | Fuzhou | 63.78 ± 6.39 | Patients with KOA | 25/25 | N = 25 Baduanjin 40 min; 3 times/w; 12 w | N = 25 Keep routine as usual 12 w |
|
| ||||||
| Ye et al. [26] | Fuzhou | 64.36 ± 5.34 | Older adults with KOA | 19/37 | N = 28 Baduanjin 40 min; 3 times/w; 12 w | N = 28 Keep routine as usual 12 w |
|
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| Zhang et al. [58] | Macau | 24 ± 7 | Women with premenstrual syndrome | 0/40 | N = 40 Baduanjin (8 sessions) 14 times/w; 3consecutive menstrual cycles | — |
|
| ||||||
| Zheng et al. [28] | Fuzhou | 60 | Elderly Population at risk for Ischemic stroke | 11/9 | N = 20 Baduanjin 30 min; 3-5 times/w; 12 w | |
|
| ||||||
| Zheng et al. [27] | Fuzhou | 60.14 ± 6.3 | Community adults at risk of ischamic stroke | 61/109 | N = 85 Baduanjin 60 min; 5 times/w; 12 w | N = 85 keep routine as usual 12 w |
|
| ||||||
| Zheng et al. [29] | Fuzhou | 62.19 ± 7.87 | Patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment | 41/7 | N = 24 usual care + Baduanjin 40 min; 3 times/w; 24 w | N = 24 usual care 24 w |
HK: Hong Kong; KOA: knee osteoarthritis; CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy; min: minutes; w: week; m: month; y: year; N/No: number; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.