Table 3.
Longitudinal Association Between Baseline Vitamin/Mineral Supplement Intake with Cognitive Function, Physical Fitness, Anthropometry and Biochemical Indices (N=1285)
| Parameter | Vitamin/Mineral Intake | Coefficient for Time (95% CI) | p for Trend* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Cognitive Function and Depressive Symptoms | ||||
| MMSE | ||||
| Baseline | 24.74 (3.76) | 23.63(4.15) | −1.22 (−1.78,0.67) | p<0.001 |
| 18th month | 25.23(3.51) | 24.18(3.47) | −0.74 (−1.32,0.16) | 0.012 |
| 36th month | 25.97(3.79) | 24.92(3.61) | 0 | |
| MoCA | ||||
| Baseline | 21.42(4.66) | 19.42(5.20) | −0.25 (−1.01,0.51) | 0.520 |
| 18th month | 20.54(5.33) | 18.47(5.63) | −1.13 (−1.92,-0.35) | 0.005 |
| 36th month | 21.67(5.16) | 20.12(4.97) | 0 | |
| Digit span | ||||
| Baseline | 8.16(2.29) | 7.72(2.37) | −1.11(−1.56,-0.66) | p<0.001 |
| 18th month | 8.11(2.45) | 7.85(2.36) | −1.16 (−1.63,-0.70) | p<0.001 |
| 36th month | 9.27(6.20) | 8.54(2.77) | 0 | |
| Digit symbol | ||||
| Baseline | 6.03(3.01) | 4.83(2.23) | −0.22 (−0.64, 0.20) | 0.297 |
| 18th month | 6.14(3.40) | 4.82(2.81) | −0.12 (−0.55,0.31) | 0.581 |
| 36th month | 6.26(3.37) | 4.75(2.50) | 0 | |
| VR1 | ||||
| Baseline | 56.10(33.06) | 42.60(32.63) | −1.75(−6.72,3.22) | 0.489 |
| 18th month | 47.56(34.96) | 36.93(31.93) | −10.47(−15.41,-5.17) | <0.001 |
| 36th month | 57.85(34.93) | 44.12(33.51) | 0 | |
| GDS | ||||
| Baseline | 2.28(1.99) | 2.53(2.24) | −0.36(−0.69,-0.04) | 0.030 |
| 18th month | 2.74(2.35) | 2.94(2.22) | −0.09(−0.25,0.43) | 0.586 |
| 36th month | 2.65(2.15) | 2.93(2.25) | 0 | |
| Physical Fitness | ||||
| 2minstep test | ||||
| Baseline | 65.68(26.23) | 63.73(24.60) | −10.82(−14.34,-7.31) | <0.001 |
| 18th month | 61.84(22.66) | 61.59(21.59) | −14.66(−18.33,-11.00) | <0.001 |
| 36th month | 76.50(23.05) | 73.90(21.37) | 0 | |
| Chair stand test | ||||
| Baseline | 10.52(3.17) | 10.18(3.03) | −0.43(−0.86,-0.00) | <0.001 |
| 18th month | 10.41(2.71) | 10.03(2.82) | −0.75(−1.22,-0.74) | <0.001 |
| 36th month | 11.19(2.83) | 10.67(2.54) | 0 | |
| Handgrip strength | ||||
| Baseline | 23.31(7.55) | 24.43(7.77) | −0.66(−1.79, 0.47) | 0.25 |
| 18th month | 23.05(7.49) | 23.58(7.79) | −0.92 (−2.08,0.27) | 0.12 |
| 36th month | 23.97(7.08) | 24.86(7.26) | 0 | |
| Chair Sit and Reach | ||||
| Baseline | 0.66(11.13) | 0.36 (11.16) | −2.36(−4.04,-0.67) | 0.006 |
| 18th month | 2.10(10.05) | 2.70(10.61) | −0.91(−2.65,0.82) | 0.303 |
| 36th month | 3.01(11.50) | 3.74(12.51) | 0 | |
| Time Up and Go | ||||
| Baseline | 10.09(2.95) | 10.62(2.84) | −0.86(−1.31,-0.39) | <0.001 |
| 18th month | 10.86(3.05) | 11.38(2.92) | 0.08(−0.56,0.39) | 0.74 |
| 36th month | 10.94(3.39) | 11.53(3.37) | 0 | |
| Back Scratch test | ||||
| Baseline | 13.08(12.71) | 14.95(12.73) | −0.51 (−2.44, 1.42) | 0.61 |
| 18th month | 14.18(11.33) | 15.85(11.65) | 0.59 (−1.40, 2.58) | 0.56 |
| 36th month | 13.59(13.96) | 16.68(14.10) | 0 | |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Weight | ||||
| Baseline | 61.70(12.06) | 61.84(11.98) | 0.08(−1.90,1.73) | 0.93 |
| 18th month | 62.26(12.40) | 61.64(12.12) | 0.48(−1.39, 2.35) | 0.62 |
| 36th month | 61.78(12.52) | 60.39(12.01) | 0 | |
| Waist circumference | ||||
| Baseline | 88.56(11.52) | 88.48(11.45) | 2.88(1.08,4.67) | 0.002 |
| 18th month | 83.22(12.34) | 82.96(12.22) | −2.47(−4.32,-0.62) | 0.009 |
| 36th month | 85.68(12.47) | 84.31(12.21) | 0 | |
| Hip Circumference | ||||
| Baseline | 97.60(9.59) | 96.57(9.32) | 1.96 (0.46,3.46) | 0.01 |
| 18th month | 95.65(11.05) | 93.70(9.47) | 0.01 (−1.54,1.56) | 0.99 |
| 36th month | 95.63(10.90) | 93.71(10.69) | 0 | |
| MUAC | ||||
| Baseline | 28.77(3.69) | 28.72(3.25) | −0.16(−1.11,0.80) | 0.75 |
| 18th month | 27.80(3.74) | 27.62(3.23) | −1.13(−2.12,-0.14) | 0.03 |
| 36th month | 28.93(3.64) | 29.32(12.17) | 0 | |
| Calf circumference | ||||
| Baseline | 34.01(3.79) | 33.56(3.69) | −0.60(−1.56,0.37) | 0.23 |
| 18th month | 33.74(4.06) | 33.31(3.60) | −0.86(−1.86,0.14) | 0.09 |
| 36th month | 34.60(9.55) | 33.94(10.45) | 0 | |
| Biochemical** | ||||
| Glucose | ||||
| Baseline | 6.01(2.04) | 6.13(2.13) | −1.14(−0.50,0.22) | 0.31 |
| 36th month | 6.14(2.23) | 6.31(2.40) | 0 | |
| Total cholesterol | ||||
| Baseline | 5.47(1.16) | 5.49(1.12) | 0.03(−0.15,0.22) | 0.75 |
| 36th month | 5.21(1.20) | 5.24(1.06) | 0 | |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||
| Baseline | 1.44(0.35) | 1.39(0.35) | 0.02(−0.04,0.07) | 0.59 |
| 36th month | 1.43(0.37) | 1.39(0.36) | 0 | |
| LDL cholesterol | ||||
| Baseline | 3.18(1.00) | 3.41(1.01) | 0.08(−0.10,0.25) | 0.37 |
| 36th month | 3.36(1.03) | 3.10(1.11) | ||
| Triglyceride | ||||
| Baseline | 1.39(0.59) | 1.54(0.78) | −0.14(−0.27, −0.01) | 0.03 |
| 36th month | 1.52(0.73) | 1.62(0.86) | ||
Notes: *p<0.05 for the longitudinal analysis between users and non-users of herbal supplements. The model is fully adjusted for covariates such as such as age, gender, education years, smoking status, calf circumference, hand grip strength, chair sit and reach test, digit span, MMSE, GDS, VRI and VRII. **For biochemical data, data were only available at baseline and 36th month for selected participants (324 for baseline and 687 for 36th month).
Abbreviations: Ref, reference group; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; VRI, Visual Reproduction I; VRII, Visual Reproduction II; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein.