Table 1.

Sample characteristics by neuropsychiatric symptom profile

Risk factors	Agitation and psychosis (Ag+P+) (n = 481)	Psychosis, but no agitation (Ag–P +) (n = 579)	Agitation, but no psychosis (Ag+P–) (n = 1325)	Neither agitation nor psychosis (Ag–P–) (n = 7721)	P valuea
Socio-demographic status and cognitive functionb
Mean age at dementia diagnosis (SD)	81.3 (10.1)	81.8 (9.1)	81.0 (9.2)	81.1 (8.5)	0.267
Female gender (%)	62.6%#	69.3%*	57.6%*,#	63.7%#	< 0.001
Non-White ethnicity (%)	27.8%	31.3%*	23.3%#	24.0%#	< 0.001
Married or cohabiting status (%)	31.4%#	24.8%*	34.8%#	34.9%#	< 0.001
Mean index of deprivation (SD)	28.9 (10.3)*	28.2 (10.9)*	28.8 (10.7)*	26.6 (11.1)#	< 0.001
Mean MMSE score at diagnosis (SD)	15.6 (7.1)*,#	17.6 (6.5)*	15.3 (7.3)*,#	19.5 (6.0)#	< 0.001
Dementia subtype					< 0.001
Alzheimer’s disease	31.0%*	35.1%*	32.2%*	45.9%#
Mixed-type dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease and Vascular dementia)	23.7%	24.5%	22.9%*	25.8%
Vascular dementia	25.8%*,#	22.5%*	25.4%*	17.1%#
Unspecified or other dementia	19.5%*	18.0%*	19.6%*	11.2%#
HoNOS symptoms/disorders (%)b
Non-accidental self-injury	4.4%*,#	1.4%	3.0%*,#	0.7%	< 0.001
Problem-drinking or drug taking	6.5%*,#	2.9%	5.4%*,#	2.5%	< 0.001
Depressed mood	27.0%*,#	20.9%*	21.9%*	12.5%#	< 0.001
Physical illness or disability	68.4%*,#	60.8%*	65.4%*	47.3%#	< 0.001
HoNOS functional problems (%)b
Activities of daily living	82.5%*,#	70.6%*	81.3%*,#	51.6%#	< 0.001
Living conditions	21.3%*	18.9%*	18.0%*	9.3%#	< 0.001
Occupational/recreational activities	53.5%*,#	38.6%*	49.9%*,#	27.7%#	< 0.001
Social relationships	52.2%*,#	17.4%*	45.6%*,#	8.3%#	< 0.001
Antipsychotic prescriptionc	42.8%*,#	29.9%*	22.5%*,#	5.7%#	< 0.001
Hospitalisation prior to dementia diagnosisd	52.6%*	48.0%	50.8%*	46.1%	< 0.001

*Significantly different to group Ag–P– (p < 0.05); ^#significantly different to group Ag–P + (p < 0.05)

^aANOVA or Chi² test; ^bat the time of dementia diagnosis; ^cin a one-year window around dementia diagnosis; ^din the year prior to dementia diagnosis