Table 3.

Chemically modified exosomes for targeted drug delivery.

Therapeutic cargo	Targeting ligand	Method	Target cells	Function	Reference
curcumin-SPION	neuropillin-1-targeted peptide	click chemistry	glioma (U251)	Simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of glioma	74
curcumin	c(RGDyk)	click chemistry	cerebral vascular endothelial cells (integrin αvβ3-positive U87)	Reduce inflammation and inhibit apoptosis in ischemic stroke	75
PTX	AA	DSPE-PEG-AA	murine lung cancer (3LL-M27), sigma receptor-positive cells	Improve drug circulation and inhibit pulmonary metastases	78
quantum dot photothermal agent	RGD	DSPE-PEG-RGD	breast cancer (integrin αvβ3-poitive MCF-7)	Photothermal therapy	79
erastin	folate	DSPE-PEG-folate	breast cancer (MDA-MB-231)	Targeted induction of ferroptosis	80
surviving siRNA	PSMA RNA aptamer, EGFR RNA aptamer, folate	chol	breast cancer (MDA-MB-468), prostate cancer, colorectal cancer	Tumor-targeted RNAi nanomedicine	80
miRNA-let7, VEGF siRNA	AS1411 aptamer	chol	nucleolin-positive cancer cells (MDA-MA-231)	Tumor-targeted small RNA delivery	80
DOX	sgc8 aptamer	diacyl lipid-(PEG)2	leukemia cells	Targeted anti-cancer therapy	82
PTX	AS1411	chol-PEG2000	breast cancer (MDA-MA-231)	Targeted anti-cancer chemotherapy	83
methotrexate, KLA (Lys-Leu-Ala)	ApoA-1 mimetic peptide	lipid	glioma	Selective brain tumor treatment	84
photosensitizer	NLS peptide	C16	carcinoma (4T1), colorectal cancer (CT26)	Nuclear-targeted and enhanced photodynamic therapy	85
aSIRPα, aCD47	antibodies	azide‐modified	macrophages and tumor cells	Enhance phagocytosis of cancer cells by blocking SIRPα-CD47 interaction	76
mannosamine	RGD	DSPE-PEG-RGD	αvβ3 overexpressing cells (HUVEC)	Promote angiogenesis with targeted imaging	87
PTX, tirapazamine	D-CGKRK	CuAAC	B16F10	Hybrid membrane vesicles for targeted therapy	88