Table 1. Clinical characteristics of the patients.
| Characteristics | Confirmed COVID-19 (77 cases; 84.4%) | Non-COVID-19 (15 cases; 15.5%) | Total (92 cases) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (IQR, years) | 53 (36–82) | 68 (25–80) | 0.001 | ||
| Male | 64 (83) | 7 (46) | 71 (77) | 0.005 | |
| Medical history | |||||
| IHD | 9 (11.6) | 10 (66.6) | 19 (20) | < 0.001 | |
| CABG | 2 (2.6) | 8 (53) | 10 (10.8) | 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 20 (25.9) | 12 (80) | 32 (34.7) | 0.002 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 25 (32) | 14 (93) | 39 (42) | < 0.001 | |
| COPD | 3 (3) | 3 (20) | 2 (2) | 0.020 | |
| Chronic renal impairment | 25 (32) | 10 (66.6) | 35 (38) | 0.015 | |
| Cancer | 0 | 1 (6.6) | 1 (1) | 0.091 | |
| Status on admission to ICU | |||||
| Acute MI | 2 (2.6) | 10 (66.6) | 12 (13) | 0.001 | |
| Acute PE | 9 (11.6) | 0 | 9 (9.7) | 0.186 | |
| Duration of symptoms (median in days) | 5 (2–10) | 2 (3–4) | |||
| Hypoxemia | All | All | 92 (100) | 0.020 | |
| PO2/FiO2 (mean) | 145 | 226 | 0.026 | ||
| HFNC | 35 (45.4) | 2 (13) | 50 (54) | 0.002 | |
| IV | 21 (27) | 4 (26.6) | 25 (27) | ||
| Facemask | 17 (22) | 2 (13) | 19 (20.6) | ||
| SOFA score (mean) | 7.7 | 6 | 0.390 | ||
| Echocardiogram findings (mean) | |||||
| E/A | 1.10 ± 9.56 | 1.80 ± 0.26 | 0.001 | ||
| DT (ms) | 252 ± 44 | 151 ± 39 | < 0.001 | ||
| E/e′ | 9.70 ± 4.00 | 19.00 ± 2.98 | < 0.001 | ||
| LVEF (%) | 66.0 ± 9.6 | 55.0 ± 14.8 | 0.010 | ||
| IVC < 2 cm | 62 (80) | 0 | < 0.001 | ||
| IVC > 2 cm | 15 (19.4) | 100 | < 0.001 | ||
| US chest finding | |||||
| Aeration score | 27.0 ± 9.0 | 21.0 ± 6.5 | 0.018 | ||
| SPC | 13.000 ± 10.700 | 1.000 ± 0.258 | < 0.001 | ||
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; IQR: interquartile range; IHD: ischemic heart disease; CABG: coronary bypass surgery; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU: intensive care unit; MI: myocardial infarction ; PE: pulmonary embolism; PO2/FiO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen; HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula; IV: invasive ventilation; SOFA score: sequential organ failure assessment score; E/A: early diastolic transmitral flow/late diastolic transmitral flow by Doppler; DT: deceleration time; E/e': early diastolic transmitral flow by Doppler/early diastolic relaxation; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; IVC: inferior vena cava; SPC: subpleural consolidation; US: ultrasound.