Table 1.
Pectin yields (%) of ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction at different parameters
| Extraction conditions | Raw material | Pectin yield (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCl | HNO3 | ||
| UAE | |||
| 60 °C | |||
| 15 min | Lemon | 5.97 ± 0.15 | 7.19 ± 0.11 |
| Mandarin | 8.03 ± 0.05 | 5.72 ± 0.09 | |
| Kiwi | 8.33 ± 0.06 | 8.02 ± 0.05 | |
| 30 min | Lemon | 6.42 ± 0.05 | 8.26 ± 0.07 |
| Mandarin | 9.41 ± 0.06 | 7.97 ± 0.10 | |
| Kiwi | 9.59 ± 0.09 | 8.15 ± 0.05 | |
| 45 min | Lemon | 7.52 ± 0.05 | 9.61 ± 0.09 |
| Mandarin | 10.35 ± 0.05 | 8.00 ± 0.05 | |
| Kiwi | 11.55 ± 0.11 | 8.32 ± 0.14 | |
| 75 °C | |||
| 15 min | Lemon | 7.73 ± 0.12 | 8.57 ± 0.05 |
| Mandarin | 10.00 ± 0.07 | 8.86 ± 0.05 | |
| Kiwi | 15.17 ± 0.05 | 9.21 ± 0.07 | |
| 30 min | Lemon | 7.89 ± 0.10 | 9.80 ± 0.05 |
| Mandarin | 10.57 ± 0.07 | 9.96 ± 0.05 | |
| Kiwi | 15.23 ± 0.09 | 9.54 ± 0.08 | |
| 45 min | Lemon | 8.60 ± 0.06 | 10.11 ± 0.05 |
| Mandarin | 11.29 ± 0.17 | 10.33 ± 0.12 | |
| Kiwi | 17.30 ± 0.05 | 12.60 ± 0.11 | |
| MAE | |||
| 360 W | |||
| 1 min | Lemon | 7.31 ± 0.10 | 9.71 ± 0.07 |
| Mandarin | 7.47 ± 0.06 | 7.60 ± 0.05 | |
| Kiwi | 10.48 ± 0.09 | 9.18 ± 0.06 | |
| 2 min | Lemon | – | – |
| Mandarin | – | – | |
| Kiwi | 14.43 ± 0.08 | 12.25 ± 0.11 | |
| 3 min | Lemon | – | – |
| Mandarin | – | – | |
| Kiwi | 17.97 ± 0.40 | 14.40 ± 0.10 | |
| 600 W | |||
| 1 min | Lemon | – | – |
| Mandarin | – | – | |
| Kiwi | 16.27 ± 0.06 | 12.87 ± 0.05 | |
| 2 min | Lemon | – | – |
| Mandarin | – | – | |
| Kiwi | 15.98 ± 0.09 | 12.63 ± 0.07 | |
| 3 min | Lemon | – | – |
| Mandarin | – | – | |
| Kiwi | 12.18 ± 0.05 | 7.20 ± 0.07 | |
Values are mean of three replicates ± SD