Table 2.

Factors associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among US and Chinese adolescents.

Variable	Suicidal ideation*		Suicide attempts*
	AOR (95% CI)	P-value	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
Gender
Male	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Female	1.65 (1.53~1.77)	<0.001	1.56 (1.37~1.78)	<0.001
Age
18 years old or older	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
12 years old or younger	1.44 (1.17~1.77)	0.002	0.98 (0.67~1.43)	0.922
13 to 17 years old	1.20 (1.07~1.36)	0.003	0.93 (0.75~1.16)	0.567
Bullying at school
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	2.01 (1.87~2.17)	<0.001	2.16 (1.89~2.47)	<0.001
Feeling sad or hopeless
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	5.61 (5.20~6.06)	<0.001	5.98 (5.12~6.98)	<0.001
Cigarette use
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	1.45 (1.32~1.59)	<0.001	1.90 (1.63~2.22)	<0.001
Alcohol use
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	1.65 (1.52~1.78)	<0.001	1.63 (1.39~1.90)	<0.001
Marijuana use
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	0.99 (0.87~1.13)	0.919	1.23 (1.01~1.50)	0.014
Methamphetamine use
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	1.40 (0.96~2.03)	0.085	2.31 (1.50~3.54)	<0.001
Ecstasy use
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	1.08 (0.79~1.47)	0.631	1.23 (0.86~1.77)	0.266
Prescription pain medication use
No	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Yes	1.77 (1.54~2.03)	<0.001	2.01 (1.68~2.42)	<0.001
Nationality
Chinese adolescents	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
US adolescents	1.12 (0.95~1.31)	0.149	1.78 (1.32~2.41)	<0.001

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.

^*The multivariable logistic regression models for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts incorporating gender, age, bullying at school, feeling sad or hopeless, cigarette use, alcohol use, marijuana use, methamphetamine use, ecstasy use, prescription pain medication use, and nationality.