Table 3.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 according to disease severity.
| Disease severity | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | All patients (n = 132) | Moderate (n = 50) | Severe (n = 35) | Critical (n = 47) | p-value |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age, years | 61 ± 13 | 59 ± 12 | 62 ± 15 | 63 ± 12 | 0.241 |
| Male, n (%) | 68 (51.5%) | 20 (40.0%) | 19 (54.3%) | 29 (61.7%) | 0.093 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 2.9 | 23.6 ± 2.6 | 23.4 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 3.2 | 0.810 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 91 ± 17 | 90 ± 16 | 88 ± 15 | 94 ± 19 | 0.216 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 25 ± 6 | 24 ± 6 | 24 ± 5 | 25 ± 7 | 0.707 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 134 ± 18 | 134 ± 17 | 133 ± 20 | 131 ± 17 | 0.742 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 81 ± 12 | 82 ± 10 | 81 ± 14 | 80 ± 12 | 0.767 |
| Left heart | |||||
| LA dimension, mm | 34.3 ± 5.4 | 34.3 ± 4.9 | 35.2 ± 4.7 | 34.2 ± 6.5 | 0.466 |
| LV dimension, mm | 45.5 ± 4.9 | 44.9 ± 4.6 | 46.4 ± 4.8 | 45.8 ± 5.1 | 0.526 |
| IVS, mm | 9.6 ± 1.3 | 9.7 ± 1.1 | 9.6 ± 1.9 | 9.6 ± 1.0 | 0.629 |
| PW, mm | 8.8 ± 1.9 | 9.2 ± 1.1 | 8.2 ± 2.7* | 9.0 ± 1.7 | 0.049 |
| LVM, g | 144.3 ± 36.1 | 143.7 ± 35.6 | 148.0 ± 40.9 | 144.7 ± 33.6 | 0.861 |
| DT, ms | 204.4 ± 53.7 | 209.3 ± 60.4 | 190.0 ± 48.8 | 209.8 ± 46.5 | 0.176 |
| E/A ratio | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.515 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.4 (6.8, 10.6) | 8.4 (6.5, 10.0) | 8.8 (6.3, 10.6) | 8.0 (6.9, 10.9) | 0.891 |
| LVEDVI, ml/m2 | 52.2 ± 16.1 | 55.0 ± 15.6 | 53.0 ± 17.5 | 48.9 ± 14.4 | 0.321 |
| LVESVI, ml/m2 | 17.5 (15.2, 22.9) | 17.5 (15.2, 22.8) | 18.6 (15.8, 24.2) | 16.2 (13.8, 23.1) | 0.724 |
| LVEF, % | 62.8 ± 6.9 | 63.4 ± 7.7 | 62.5 ± 7.4 | 62.9 ± 5.8 | 0.882 |
| LV GLS4CH, % | 18.9 (16.8, 20.9) | 20.1 (18.2, 22.0) | 19.0 (17.3, 21.9) | 17.0 (15.7, 18.6)*# | <0.001 |
| LAS-peak, % | 33.7 ± 7.6 | 31.9 ± 7.9 | 35.8 ± 8.1 | 32.0 ± 10.2 | 0.146 |
| Moderate-severe MR, n (%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3%) | 0.090 |
| Right heart | |||||
| RA dimension, mm | 35.5 ± 4.6 | 34.7 ± 4.9 | 36.4 ± 3.4 | 35.9 ± 5.1 | 0.209 |
| RV dimension, mm | 34.0 (30.6, 36.4) | 33.3 (29.8, 35.8) | 34.4 (32.4, 36.6) | 34.0 (30.7, 36.6) | 0.485 |
| TAPSE, mm | 22.2 ± 3.8 | 22.8 ± 3.8 | 22.6 ± 3.5 | 20.8 ± 3.7*# | 0.019 |
| RVFAC, % | 47.2 (41.6, 51.2) | 49.3 (42.0, 52.2) | 45.5 (40.8, 51.2) | 46.9 (40.9, 50.3) | 0.255 |
| S′, cm/s | 13.3 (11.9, 15.0) | 14.0 (12.0, 15.0) | 14.0 (12.0, 16.4) | 12.9 (11.0, 15.0) | 0.301 |
| RV FWLS, % | 22.7 (19.2, 25.6) | 23.9 (20.1, 26.2) | 23.6 (19.8, 26.1) | 20.2 (18.1, 24.0)*# | 0.015 |
| Moderate-severe TR, n (%) | 4 (3.0%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.5%) | 0.016 |
| PASP, mm Hg | 36 ± 14 | 30 ± 11 | 39 ± 14* | 39 ± 15* | 0.037 |
| Prognosis | |||||
| Discharge, n (%) | 113 (85.6%) | 50 (100.0%) | 33 (97.1%) | 30 (62.5%)*# | <0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 19 (14.4%) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.9%) | 18 (37.5%)*# | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), median (interquartile range). *P < 0.05, severe or critical vs. moderate; #P < 0.05, critical vs. severe. COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DT, peak E deceleration time of mitral inflow; IVS., interventricular septum; LA, left atrial; LAS, left atrial strain; LV, left ventricular; LV GLS4CH, left ventricular global longitudinal strain derived from the apical four-chamber view; LVEDVI, left ventricular end diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end systolic volume index; LVM, left ventricular mass; MR, mitral regurgitation; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PW, posterior wall of left ventricle; RA, right atrial; RV, right ventricular; RV FWLS, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RVFAC, RV fractional area change; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation. LV GLS4CH and RV FWLS values are absolute values.