Table 4.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of survivors and non-survivors with COVID-19.
| Variables | All patients (n = 132) | Survivor (n = 113) | Non-survivor (n = 19) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 61 ± 13 | 61 ± 13 | 64 ± 13 | 0.556 |
| Male, n (%) | 68 (51.5%) | 54 (47.8%) | 14 (73.7%) | 0.037 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 2.9 | 23.6 ± 2.9 | 23.7 ± 3.5 | 0.701 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 91 ± 17 | 90 ± 16 | 96 ± 22 | 0.092 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 25 ± 6 | 24 ± 5 | 28 ± 8 | 0.059 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 134 ± 18 | 133 ± 18 | 134 ± 16 | 0.914 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 81 ± 12 | 81 ± 12 | 78 ± 14 | 0.245 |
| Left heart | ||||
| LA dimension, mm | 34.2 (31.7, 37.0) | 34.2 (31.6, 36.9) | 35.7 (31.7, 37.7) | 0.602 |
| LV dimension, mm | 45.8 (42.3, 49.0) | 45.9 (42.3, 49.3) | 45.8 (41.7, 48.4) | 0.751 |
| IVS, mm | 9.6 (8.9, 10.4) | 9.6 (9.0, 10.4) | 9.6 (9.2, 10.1) | 0.962 |
| PW, mm | 9.2 (8.3, 9.9) | 9.0 (8.1, 9.9) | 9.4 (8.9, 9.7) | 0.350 |
| LVM, g | 143.2 (116.0, 168.5) | 143.0 (121.5, 169.3) | 148.7 (114.1, 170.4) | 0.824 |
| DT, ms | 202.0 (163.9, 235.0) | 206.5 (162.5, 239.0) | 195.0 (164.0, 222.0) | 0.488 |
| E/A ratio | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.218 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.4 (6.8, 10.6) | 8.1 (6.8, 10.1) | 8.9 (7.1, 11.7) | 0.274 |
| LVEDVI, ml/m2 | 49.8 (39.2, 59.3) | 51.1 (41.1, 63.0) | 38.9 (33.1, 38.9) | 0.043 |
| LVESVI, ml/m2 | 17.5 (15.2, 22.9) | 18.2 (15.5, 23.3) | 14.2 (10.6, 23.5) | 0.077 |
| LVEF, % | 63.2 (59.1, 68.0) | 63.3 (59.0, 68.0) | 63.4 (59.9, 67.8) | 0.635 |
| LV GLS4CH, % | 18.9 (16.8, 20.9) | 19.3 (17.3, 21.6) | 16.0 (14.7, 16.9) | <0.001 |
| LAS-peak, % | 33.7 (27.6, 37.9) | 33.4 (27.0, 39.5) | 30.2 (27.1, 36.7) | 0.155 |
| Moderate-severe MR, n (%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5%) | 0.020 |
| Right heart | ||||
| RA dimension, mm | 35.7 (32.4, 38.2) | 35.1 (32.1, 37.7) | 37.6 (34.2, 39.1) | 0.030 |
| RV dimension, mm | 34.0 (30.6, 36.4) | 33.2 (30.3, 35.7) | 35.8 (32.0, 41.0) | 0.022 |
| TAPSE, mm | 22.2 (19.1, 25.2) | 22.3 (20.2, 25.4) | 19.0 (17.1, 21.1) | 0.001 |
| RVFAC, % | 47.2 (41.6, 51.2) | 48.2 (42.0, 52.0) | 43.2 (37.8, 49.0) | 0.008 |
| S′, cm/s | 13.3 (11.9, 15.0) | 14.0 (12.0, 15.7) | 11.7 (10.0, 14.7) | 0.017 |
| RV FWLS, % | 22.7 (19.2, 25.6) | 23.6 (20.0, 26.1) | 18.0 (17.3, 20.6) | <0.001 |
| Moderate-severe TR, n (%) | 4 (3.0%) | 2 (1.8%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.018 |
| PASP, mm Hg | 33 (24, 47) | 31 (24, 47) | 47 (32, 60) | 0.041 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), median (interquartile range). COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DT, peak E deceleration time of mitral inflow; IVS., interventricular septum; LA, left atrial; LAS, left atrial strain; LV, left ventricular; LV GLS4CH, left ventricular global longitudinal strain derived from the apical four-chamber view; LVEDVI, left ventricular end diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end systolic volume index; LVM, left ventricular mass; MR, mitral regurgitation; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PW, posterior wall of left ventricle; RA, right atrial; RV, right ventricular; RV FWLS, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RVFAC, RV fractional area change; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TR, tricuspid regurgitation. LV GLS4CH and RV FWLS values are absolute values.