Table 5.
Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with COVID-19 three months after discharge.
| Variables | Baseline (n = 46) | 3 months after discharge (n = 46) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 59 ± 13 | ||
| Male, n (%) | 18 (39.1%) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.0 | ||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 94 ± 18 | 80 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 24 ± 5 | 21 ± 2 | 0.010 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 137 ± 19 | 134 ± 16 | 0.509 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 82 ± 10 | 86 ± 10 | 0.075 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| Lymphocyte count, × 109/l | 1.0 (0.5, 1.4) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.5) | <0.001 |
| D-dimer, mg/l | 0.59 (0.16, 1.92) | 0.34 (0.24, 0.55) | 0.096 |
| hs-TNI, ng/l | 4.4 (1.7, 60.8) | 1.4 (0.3, 2.6) | 0.001 |
| CRP, mg/l | 35.8 (4.3, 75.1) | 1.0 (0.6, 3.1) | <0.001 |
| Left heart | |||
| LA dimension, mm | 36.7 ± 4.4 | 36.5 ± 5.2 | 0.864 |
| LV dimension, mm | 46.4 ± 4.7 | 46.1 ± 3.6 | 0.786 |
| IVS, mm | 9.5 ± 1.2 | 8.8 ± 1.2 | 0.007 |
| PW, mm | 8.7 ± 1.6 | 8.6 ± 2.1 | 0.813 |
| LVM, g | 136.1 ± 37.7 | 134.2 ± 34.9 | 0.811 |
| DT, ms | 195 ± 52 | 199 ± 45 | 0.751 |
| E/A ratio | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.255 |
| E/e′ ratio | 8.8 ± 2.9 | 8.1 ± 3.6 | 0.360 |
| LVEDVI, ml/m2 | 56.5 ± 18.9 | 56.0 ± 17.1 | 0.916 |
| LVESVI, ml/m2 | 21.6 ± 8.9 | 20.3 ± 7.3 | 0.571 |
| LVEF, % | 62.1 ± 8.2 | 63.1 ± 8.0 | 0.613 |
| LV GLS4CH, % | 19.4 ± 2.7 | 26.6 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| LAS-peak, % | 31.4 ± 7.5 | 38.9 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Right heart | |||
| RA dimension, mm | 35.7 ± 3.5 | 33.9 ± 3.4 | 0.023 |
| RV dimension, mm | 33.5 ± 3.2 | 33.3 ± 3.4 | 0.804 |
| TAPSE, mm | 22.8 ± 3.6 | 23.5 ± 8.3 | 0.636 |
| RVFAC, % | 48.8 ± 7.1 | 49.6 ± 10.0 | 0.699 |
| S′, cm/s | 14.0 ± 2.6 | 13.8 ± 2.4 | 0.722 |
| RV FWLS, % | 24.1 ± 4.7 | 29.1 ± 5.2 | <0.001 |
| PASP, mm Hg | 36 ± 10 | 27 ± 7 | 0.026 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), median (interquartile range). COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DT, peak E deceleration time of mitral inflow; IVS., interventricular septum; LA, left atrial; LAS, left atrial strain; LV, left ventricular; LV GLS4CH, left ventricular global longitudinal strain derived from the apical four-chamber view; LVEDVI, left ventricular end diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end systolic volume index; LVM, left ventricular mass; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; PW, posterior wall of left ventricle; RA, right atrial; RV, right ventricular; RV FWLS, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RVFAC, RV fractional area change; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. LV GLS4CH and RV FWLS values are absolute values.