Table 6.
Predictors of mortality in patients with COVID-19 by cox proportional hazard model.
| Univariate Cox regression | Model 1 ARDS + hs-TNI | Model 2 ARDS + hs-TNI + LV GLS4CH | Model 3 ARDS + hs-TNI + TAPSE | Model 4 ARDS + hs-TNI + RVFAC | Model 5 ARDS + hs-TNI + RV FWLS | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age, years | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.354 | ||||||||||
| Male (yes vs. no) | 3.06 (1.01, 9.22) | 0.048 | ||||||||||
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 2.58 (0.98, 6.79) | 0.055 | ||||||||||
| Diabetes mellitus (yes vs. no) | 0.38 (0.05, 2.86) | 0.349 | ||||||||||
| Obesity, n (%) | 0.88 (0.25, 3.04) | 0.837 | ||||||||||
| Coronary artery disease (yes vs. no) | 1.49 (0.53, 4.18) | 0.447 | ||||||||||
| Malignancy (yes vs. no) | 1.99 (0.46, 8.65) | 0.359 | ||||||||||
| Arrhythmia (yes vs. no) | 1.09 (0.25, 4.79) | 0.909 | ||||||||||
| ARDS (yes vs. no) | 7.50 (2.18, 25.80) | 0.001 | 5.52 (1.59, 19.22) | 0.007 | 4.27 (1.20, 15.21) | 0.025 | 5.43 (1.50, 19.65) | 0.010 | 5.90 (1.68, 20.71) | 0.006 | 3.77 (1.04, 13.67) | 0.044 |
| Elevated CK-MB (yes vs. no) | 0.20 (0.03, 1.49) | 0.116 | ||||||||||
| Elevated hs-TNI (yes vs. no) | 8.13 (2.69, 24.51) | <0.001 | 6.23 (2.04, 19.00) | 0.001 | 3.53 (1.06, 11.80) | 0.041 | 3.70 (1.12, 12.23) | 0.032 | 4.36 (1.36, 13.95) | 0.013 | 4.28 (1.36, 13.47) | 0.013 |
| Elevated BNP (yes vs. no) | 0.70 (0.57, 4.17) | 0.397 | ||||||||||
| PaO2:FIO2, mmHg | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.599 | ||||||||||
| Mechanical ventilation (yes vs. no) | 2.20 (0.89, 5.42) | 0.088 | ||||||||||
| ACE inhibitor/ARB (yes vs. no) | 0.59 (0.08, 4.45) | 0.610 | ||||||||||
| Pericardial effusion (yes vs. no) | 1.93 (0.56, 6.68) | 0.299 | ||||||||||
| E/e′ ratio | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 0.794 | ||||||||||
| LVEDVI, ml/m2 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.070 | ||||||||||
| LVESVI, ml/m2 | 0.90 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.163 | ||||||||||
| LVM, g | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.771 | ||||||||||
| LVEF, % | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 0.607 | ||||||||||
| LV GLS4CH, % | 1.70 (1.30, 2.23) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.08, 1.84) | 0.011 | ||||||||
| LAS-peak, % | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.217 | ||||||||||
| TAPSE, mm | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 0.003 | 0.82 (0.69, 0.98) | 0.031 | ||||||||
| RVFAC, % | 0.89 (0.82, 0.97) | 0.007 | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.032 | ||||||||
| S′, cm/s | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 0.058 | ||||||||||
| RV FWLS, % | 1.32 (1.15, 1.50) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.09, 1.52) | 0.003 | ||||||||
| AIC | / | / | 138 | 131 | 134 | 134 | 122 | |||||
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; CI, confidence interval; CK-MB, creatine kinase muscle-brain; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; FIO2, fraction of inspiration oxygen; HR, hazard ratio; hs-TNI, high-sensitivity troponin I; LAS, left atrial strain; LV GLS4CH, left ventricular global longitudinal strain derived from the apical four-chamber view; LVEDVI, left ventricular end diastolic volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVI, left ventricular end systolic volume index; LVM, left ventricular mass; PaO2, partial pressure of oxygen; RV FWLS, right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; RVFAC, right ventricular fractional area change; TAPSE, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion. CK-MB ≥ 25 U/l was defined as elevated CK-MB; hs-TNI ≥ 26.2 ng/ml was defined as elevated hs-TNI; BNP ≥ 100 pg/ml was defined as elevated BNP.