TABLE 3.

Effects of G. squarrosa extract and tested compounds on the adhesive molecules expression (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) located on the nasal and bronchial epithelial cells. Data is expressed as the mean ± SEM; three independent experiments assayed in triplicates. Statistical significance ^a p < 0.01 compared to the non-stimulated control; ^b p < 0.05, ^c p < 0.01, ^d p < 0.001 compared to stimulated control (+LPS).

	ICAM-1 expression [%]		VCAM-1 expression [%]		E-selectin expression [%]
	Nasal	Bronchial	Nasal	Bronchial	Nasal	Bronchial
Control	34.2 ± 3.6	28.4 ± 1.3	26.4 ± 7.2	30.2 ± 5.5	24.1 ± 3.9	19.3 ± 6.2
Stimulation (+LPS)	100 ± 2.1	100 ± 4.5	100 ± 5.1	100 ± 3.9	100 ± 2.8	100 ± 5.9
G. squarrosa extract + LPS
25 μg/ml	94.3 ± 5.9	99.3 ± 3.7	89.6 ± 5.3	95.2 ± 3.4	90.9 ± 6.1	97.7 ± 9.4
50 μg/ml	88.3 ± 2.9	90.5 ± 4.2	94.2 ± 2.8	90.3 ± 6.1	94.2 ± 3.1	93.2 ± 1.8
100 μg/ml	75.3 ± 3.4 b	78.2 ± 5.3 b	92.5 ± 6.1	88.4 ± 7.9	93.8 ± 4.1	96.2 ± 3.9
Grindelic acid + LPS
10 µM	89.5 ± 6.9	90.5 ± 8.2	97.4 ± 5.3	98.8 ± 2.4	96.4 ± 2.5	99.3 ± 2.8
20 µM	88.9 ± 9.8	92.1 ± 4.2	95.2 ± 4.6	97.2 ± 1.8	99.4 ± 3.7	93.2 ± 3.7
50 µM	90.4 ± 2.7	91.6 ± 3.7	89.6 ± 4.6	93.2 ± 4.1	91.3 ± 9.2	89.3 ± 7.9
Budesonide 50 µM	79.4 ± 4.9 b	80.5 ± 3.8 b	92.5 ± 9.1	90.3 ± 7.1	86.4 ± 6.9	89.5 ± 8.3
Clarithromycin 50 µM	95.3 ± 3.9	92.8 ± 6.2	94.3 ± 5.7	96.3 ± 3.6	99.4 ± 1.8	91.4 ± 6.7

^a p < 0.01 vs. not stimulated cells;

^b p < 0.05 vs. LPS-stimulated cells;

^c p < 0.01 vs. LPS-stimulated cells;

^d p < 0.001 vs. LPS-stimulated cells.