TABLE 4.

Effects of G. squarrosa extract and tested compounds on pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of LPS-stimulated monocytes/macrophages: IL-10 receptor expression on the surface of stimulated macrophages; TGF-β secretion by stimulated macrophages [pg/mL]; IL-6 secretion by stimulated macrophages [%]; TNF-α secretion by stimulated macrophages [%]. Data is expressed as the mean ± SEM; three independent experiments assayed in triplicates. Statistical significance ^a p < 0.01 compared to the non-stimulated control; ^b p < 0.05, ^c p < 0.01, ^d p < 0.001 compared to stimulated control (+LPS).

	Surface IL-10 receptor expression [%]	TGF-β release [pg/mL]	IL-6 release [%]	TNF-α release [%]
Control	100.2 ± 21.6	33.7 ± 7.9 a	34.4 ± 4.2	24.3 ± 5.4
Stimulation (+LPS)	46.4 ± 15.5 a	8.5 ± 4.8 a	100.0 ± 2.1 a	100.4 ± 3.3 a
G. squarrosa extract + LPS
25 μg/ml	257.4 ± 61.8 d	37.5 ± 2.1	64.3 ± 6.2 d	58.5 ± 2.5 d
50 μg/ml	476.6 ± 62.4 d	43.6 ± 4.8	60.2 ± 4.4 d	55.3 ± 3.8 d
100 μg/ml	904.3 ± 96.4 d	58.4 ± 4.4 c	52.5 ± 2.2 d	45.2 ± 2.8 d
Grindelic acid + LPS
10 µM	13.8 ± 3.6	n.d	87.9 ± 4.7	90.4 ± 3.3
20 µM	16.5 ± 5.5	n.d	84.4 ± 8.2	85.3 ± 2.7
50 µM	18.1 ± 6.2	35.3 ± 9.8	74.3 ± 3.5 c	76.6 ± 0.9
100 μg/ml
Budesonide 50 µM	50.0 ± 5.6	40.3 ± 2.1	56.4 ± 3.8 d	65.9 ± 1.6 d
Clarithromycin 50 µM	64.4 ± 4.7	n.d	68.4 ± 6.6 c	78.6 ± 2.1 b

n.d., not detectable.

^a p < 0.01 vs. not stimulated cells;

^b p < 0.05 vs. LPS-stimulated cells;

^c p < 0.01 vs. LPS-stimulated cells;

^d p < 0.001 vs. LPS-stimulated cells.