TABLE 1.
Summary of the main alterations observed in the transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease.
| Animal model | Gene mutation | Main Alteration | Age (months) | References |
| PDAPP mouse | APP (695, 751, and 770) | – ↓Spatial learning – Memory impairments | 3–4 | Dodart et al., 1999; Hartman et al., 2005 |
| – ↑ Aβ deposition | 6–9 | Games et al., 1995; Johnson-Wood et al., 1997; Chen et al., 2000 | ||
| – Increased activation of microglia and astrogliosis | Games et al., 1995 | |||
| – Intact BBB integrity | 16 | Blockx et al., 2016 | ||
| Tg2576 mouse | APP (695) + Swedish mutation (K670/M671NL) | – Contextual memory deficits – ↑ Fraction of Aβ1–42 to Aβ1–40 | 4–5 | Jacobsen et al., 2006 |
| – ↑ Parenchymal Aβ plaques | 11–13 | Hsiao et al., 1996 | ||
| – ↑ Microglial density | 10–16 | Frautschy et al., 1998 | ||
| – ↑ BBB disruption in the cerebral cortex and other brain areas | 4 8 | Ujiie et al., 2003 Elhaik Goldman et al., 2018 | ||
| 3xTg mouse | APP Swedish (K670/M671NL) + PSEN1 (M146V) + MAPT P301L | – ↑ Intracellular Aβ deposition | 3 | Oddo et al., 2003b |
| – Cognitive impairments | 4 | Billings et al., 2005 | ||
| – ↑ Extracellular Aβ deposition – ↑ Amyloid plaques – ↑ BBB permeability | 6 | Oddo et al., 2003b | ||
| – ↑ Neuroinflammation | Parachikova et al., 2010; Belfiore et al., 2019 | |||
| 5xFAD mouse | APP Swedish (KM670/671NL) + London (V717l) + Florida (APP I716V) + PSN1 (L286V) + M146L | – ↑ Levels of Aβ1–42 in the brain | 1.5 | Oakley et al., 2006 |
| – AD-like amyloid pathology | 2 | Oakley et al., 2006 | ||
| – Spatial memory and learning deficits | 4–6 | Oakley et al., 2006; Ohno, 2009 | ||
| PS19 mouse | MAPT P301S | – Filamentous tau lesions | 6 | Yoshiyama et al., 2007, Yoshiyama, 2008 |
| – Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and loss – Neuroinflammation | 3 | |||
| E3FAD mouse | APP Swedish + London + Florida + PSN1 (L286V) + M146L + APOE3 | – Aβ accumulation – Neuroinflammation |
2–6 6 |
Youmans et al., 2012 Rodriguez et al., 2014 |
| E4FAD mouse | APP Swedish + London + Florida + PSN1 (L286V) + M146L + APOE4 | – Aβ accumulation – Neuroinflammation |
2–6 6 |
Youmans et al., 2012 Rodriguez et al., 2014 |
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; APP, amyloid precursor protein; Aβ, amyloid-β peptide; PSN1, presenilin 1; BBB, blood-brain barrier. (↑) Increased, (↓) decreased.