Table 2.
Potential biomarkers in lung cancer driver genes and the targeted drugs in brain metastasis.
| Gene | Mutation rate in NSCLC (%) | Ref | BM rate in NSCLC (with vs. without mutation) (%) | Ref | Drug (Treat BM or have intracranial activity) | Trial | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EGFR | 29.4 40.9 33.2–59.4 |
(28) (26) (29–31, 36) |
31.4 vs. 19.7 34.1 vs. 19.0 27.6–52.9 1 |
(28) (26) (31, 37) |
Afatinib Erlotinib Icotinib AZD3759 YH25448 |
Clinical Clinical Clinical Preclinical Preclinical |
(38) (39) (40) (41) (42) |
| ALK | 4.0 4.0–19.9 |
(26) (29–31, 43) |
40.9 vs. 19.0 23.8–58.4 1 |
(26) (31, 37) |
Alectinib Crizotinib Lorlatinib |
Clinical Clinical Clinical |
(44) (45, 46) (47, 48) NCT03052608 |
| PF-06463922 | Preclinical | (49) | |||||
| ROS1 | 0.5–5.7 | (26, 29–31) | 19.4–47.4 1 | (31, 50, 51) | Entrectinib Repotrectinib |
Clinical Preclinical |
(52, 53) (54) |
| MET | 0.5–1.8 | (26, 29, 30) | 33.3 vs. 19.0 2 | (26) | Cabozantinib Tepotinib |
Case report Case report |
(55) (56) |
| RET | 2.0 0.4–2.2 |
(26) (29, 30) |
63.6 vs. 19.0 24.8–46.5 1 |
(26) (57) |
Selpercatinib Pralsetinib |
Clinical Clinical |
(58) NCT03037385 NCT04222972 |
| KRAS | 7.4–45.5 | (26, 29, 30, 59) | 21.8 vs. 19.0 16.8–28.4 1 |
(26) (31, 60) |
– | – | – |
| BRAF | 0.5–3.5 | (26, 29, 30, 61) | 66.7 vs. 19.0 2 18.8 1 |
(26) (31) |
– | – | – |
| ERBB2 | 1.3–3.5 | (26, 29, 30) | 14.3 vs. 19.0 2 | (26) | – | – | – |
| NRG1 | 1.7 | (62) | – | – | – | – | – |
| PIK3CA | 1.3–4.2 | (30, 63) | – | – | – | – | – |
1There is no brain metastasis data from patients without driver gene mutations in the corresponding references.
2Total number of the mutations <10.