TABLE 2.
Comparison of the neuropsychological test results among T2DM-MCI, T2DM-NC, and HC groups.
| T2DM-MCI (n = 30) | T2DM-NC (n = 30) | HC (n = 30) | F-value (t/χ2) | P-values | |
| General mental status | |||||
| MoCA | 22.93 ± 1.95 | 27.00 ± 0.83 | 27.77 ± 1.28 | 99.370 | < 0.001*# |
| MMSE | 27.93 ± 1.31 | 28.43 ± 1.07 | 28.43 ± 1.17 | 1.774 | 0.176 |
| Episodic memory | |||||
| AVLT-immediately recall | 19.50 ± 4.55 | 22.77 ± 3.83 | 22.83 ± 5.00 | 5.406 | 0.006*# |
| AVLT-delayed recall (5 min) | 7.23 ± 2.40 | 7.80 ± 1.56 | 8.20 ± 1.94 | 1.775 | 0.176 |
| AVLT-delayed recall (20 min) | 6.83 ± 2.64 | 7.33 ± 1.77 | 7.87 ± 2.18 | 1.620 | 0.204 |
| AVLT-recognition | 21.10 ± 3.60 | 21.87 ± 1.48 | 22.90 ± 1.45 | 4.252 | 0.017* |
| ROCF-immediate recall | 19.00 ± 6.64 | 22.63 ± 6.95 | 24.08 ± 8.49 | 3.754 | 0.027* |
| ROCF-delayed recall (20 min) | 18.20 ± 6.19 | 21.85 ± 7.13 | 23.65 ± 7.74 | 4.659 | 0.012* |
| Working memory | |||||
| WAIS | 35.63 ± 8.33 | 41.23 ± 10.83 | 46.23 ± 11.99 | 7.658 | 0.001* |
| DST-forward | 8.93 ± 1.08 | 8.87 ± 0.82 | 9.57 ± 1.38 | 3.584 | 0.032 |
| DST-backward | 4.67 ± 0.88 | 5.03 ± 0.89 | 5.53 ± 1.17 | 5.805 | 0.004* |
| Spatial processing | |||||
| ROCF-copy | 31.97 ± 3.88 | 32.55 ± 4.11 | 33.17 ± 1.90 | 0.911 | 0.406 |
| Executive function | |||||
| TMT-B | 80.77 ± 26.59 | 67.73 ± 24.19 | 61.33 ± 22.74 | 4.877 | 0.010* |
| Language ability | |||||
| VFT | 40.60 ± 7.04 | 44.10 ± 8.29 | 44.83 ± 6.06 | 2.970 | 0.057 |
| Attention | |||||
| TMT-A | 63.80 ± 21.66 | 51.97 ± 17.44 | 48.57 ± 16.61 | 5.484 | 0.006*# |
All subjects (T2DM-MCI, T2DM-NC, HC) were matched for age, sex, and education. Values are the mean ± standard deviation. The comparisons of each neuropsychological test among three groups were performed with ANOVA. The level of significance for intergroup differences was set at P < 0.05. * Denotes P < 0.017 (0.05/3) T2DM-MCI vs. HC with post hoc test, Bonferroni corrected. #Denotes P < 0.017 (0.05/3) T2DM-MCI vs. T2DM-NC with post hoc test, Bonferroni corrected. No significant difference was shown between T2DM-NC and HC with post hoc test, Bonferroni corrected. MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; ROCF, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; DST, Digital Span Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; VFT, Verbal Fluency Test.