Table 1.
Categorization of sanitizers based on the EPA’s design for the Environment Program to protect global people from the dangerous pandemic caused by coronavirus originated from Wuhan in China in December 2019.
| Sanitizers | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nature of sanitizer | Main ingredients and structure | Method of application | Virus eliminating mechanism |
| Good (having no negative impact on human) | Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH (60%) | Rubbed it in hand for 10–20 s | Antimicrobial activity of alcohols can be attributed to their ability to denature and coagulate proteins |
| Isopropyl alcohol (CH3)2 CHOH (70%) | Rubbed it in hand for 10–20 s | Virus cell are lysed, and their cellular metabolism are disrupted | |
| Soft soap potassium stearate (C17H35COOK) | Washing with water for 10 s | Soap breaks down virus’s fat membrane | |
| Glycerol (CH2OH)3 | It is also rubbed well with hand | The infectious material falls apart during rubbing | |
| Nature | Composition or formula | Effect on body | Using procedure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toxic | Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), | Irritant and can cause asthmatic reactions | Composition of handwash and hand sanitizer |
| Quaternary ammonium salt ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) | Adversely affect the respiratory system and changes the neuro-development | It is also used in hand sanitizer that rubbed on skin for removing virus |
| Disinfectants | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nature of disinfectant | Name and structural formula | Composition | Method and surface of application |
| Good (no negative impact on human) | Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 | Hydrogen peroxide + peroxy acetic acid | Hard non-porous (HN); food contact post-rinse required (FCR) |
| Sodium bisulphate NaHSO4 | Dilute with water | Spray on hard surface | |
| Ethanol CH3CH2OH | 1.60% ethanol 2.ethanol + ammonium salt(quaternary) | Disinfecting wipes, spray on hard surface | |
| Isopropanol (CH3)2CHOH | 1.70% isopropanol 2.isopropanol + quaternary ammonium salt | Disinfecting wipes, spray on hard surface | |
| Thymol (C10H14O) | Thymol, a component of the botanical thyme oil | sprays to convenient disinfecting wipes | |
| Citric acid (C6H8O7) | (Citric acid +water) (citric acid + vinegar) | Hard non-porous surface. Spray wipes | |
| L-lactic acid (C3H6O3) | L-lactic acid + dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid mixture | Hard non-porous surface | |
| Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (C12H25C6H4.SO3H) | Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid + L- lactic acid | Solid non-porous surface | |
| Octanoic acid (C8H16O2) | Dilutable | Hard non-porous Surface | |
| Nature of disinfectant | Category of compound | Name and formula | Effect on body |
|---|---|---|---|
| Toxic (having negative impact) | Chlorinated compounds | 1.Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) | irregular heartbeat, severe injury to heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs, cancer, muscle tremors |
| 2.Hypochlorous acid (HClO2) | |||
| 3.Sodium chloride (NaCl) | |||
| 4.Chlorine monooxide (Cl2O) | |||
| 5.Sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione Hexachloro benzene (C3H4Cl2N3NaO) | |||
| Phenolic compound | 1.Cresols (C7H8O) | Inhibitory effects on genotoxicity of several mutagens | |
| 2.Hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6) | |||
| 3.Chlorophenols(C6H5OCl) | |||
| Ammonium compound | 1.Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) | Mild skin and respiratory irritation up to severe caustic burns on skin | |
| 2.Ammonium carbonate(NH4)2CO3 | |||
| 3.Ammoniumbicarbonate (NH4HCO3) | |||
| Peracid | Peroxyacetic acid peracetic acid | Considered to pose an asthma risk | |
| Iodized compound | ZZZ Disinfectant | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage | |
| Silver compound | 1.Silver concentrations between 10–100 µg/L | ||
| 2. Silver ion + citric acid solution | Liver and kidney damage, irritation of the eyes, skin. respiratory, changes in blood cells | ||
| Organic acids | Glycolic acid (HOCH2CO2H) Octanoic acid (C8H16O2) | Glycholic acid: redness, irritation, scarring, and discolorationOctanoic acid: nausea, bloating and diarrhoea | |
| Aldehydic compound | Glutaraldehyde (C5H8O2) | Cause of cancer | |
| Peroxy compound |
Potassium peroxymonosulfate (KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4) |
Cause urticaria, contact dermatitis and asthma |