Table 3. Relative risks of intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) by 21 years old by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and sex.
| Outcome: Victimisation | Outcome: Perpetration | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACE
variable (age that variable covers) |
Men (n=1,149) | Women (n=2,130) | Men (n=1,149) | Women (n=2,130) | |||||||||
| % | RR | (95% CI) | % | RR | (95% CI) | % | RR | (95% CI) | % | RR | (95% CI) | ||
| Any ACE
(0–16y) |
No/ not
reported a |
26.0 | (ref) | 36.1 | (ref) | 16.2 | (ref) | 21.2 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 29.7 | 1.14 | (0.92, 1.39) | 41.8 | 1.03 | (0.93, 1.14) | 20.2 | 1.07 | (0.84, 1.35) | 26.4 | 1.10 | (0.97, 1.23) | |
| ACE type | |||||||||||||
| Emotional
abuse (0–11y) |
No | 26.3 | (ref) | 39.7 | (ref) | 19.4 | (ref) | 24.1 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 33.3 | 1.27 | (1.00, 1.57) | 45.6 | 1.20 | (1.05, 1.36) | 20.6 | 1.10 | (0.82, 1.43) | 29.9 | 1.23 | (1.05, 1.40) | |
| Physical
abuse (0–11y) |
No | 25.6 | (ref) | 37.4 | (ref) | 16.9 | (ref) | 22.7 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 37.8 | 1.47 | (1.18, 1.79) | 46.9 | 1.25 | (1.09, 1.42) | 28.2 | 1.56 | (1.23, 1.91) | 32.0 | 1.31 | (1.13, 1.48) | |
| Sexual
abuse (0–16y) |
No | 27.5 | (ref) | 39.6 | (ref) | 18.9 | (ref) | 24.6 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 50.0 | 1.82 | (0.88, 2.76) | 56.5 | 1.43 | (1.16, 1.68) | 33.3 | 1.63 | (0.71, 2.66) | 37.0 | 1.36 | (1.09, 1.63) | |
| Emotional
neglect (0–16y) |
No | 29.2 | (ref) | 41.6 | (ref) | 21.1 | (ref) | 25.4 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 26.0 | 0.89 | (0.68, 1.14) | 39.6 | 0.95 | (0.81, 1.10) | 14.4 | 0.71 | (0.5, 0.97) | 21.2 | 0.87 | (0.70, 1.04) | |
| Bullying
(8–16y) |
No | 29.6 | (ref) | 39.5 | (ref) | 19.8 | (ref) | 23.5 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 27.7 | 0.94 | (0.74, 1.16) | 48.4 | 1.22 | (1.08, 1.37) | 19.7 | 0.99 | (0.77, 1.26) | 32.3 | 1.27 | (1.12, 1.43) | |
| Witnessed
domestic violence (0–12y) |
No | 26.5 | (ref) | 40.4 | (ref) | 17.5 | (ref) | 25.3 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 36.0 | 1.36 | (1.06, 1.70) | 36.9 | 0.91 | (0.76, 1.08) | 31.3 | 1.65 | (1.30, 2.02) | 21.6 | 0.88 | (0.71, 1.07) | |
| Parental
substance abuse (0–11y) |
No | 27.2 | (ref) | 38.5 | (ref) | 18.7 | (ref) | 23.8 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 29.9 | 1.10 | (0.75, 1.53) | 48.5 | 1.26 | (1.03, 1.49) | 18.2 | 0.98 | (0.61, 1.46) | 30.3 | 1.21 | (0.96, 1.46) | |
| Parental
mental illness or suicide attempt (0–16y) |
No | 24.6 | (ref) | 38.2 | (ref) | 16.7 | (ref) | 24.5 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 32.6 | 1.33 | (1.09, 1.59) | 41.5 | 1.09 | (0.96, 1.21) | 22.5 | 1.30 | (1.04, 1.60) | 24.7 | 1.01 | (0.87, 1.15) | |
| Parent
criminal conviction (0–12y) |
No | 27.1 | (ref) | 39.1 | (ref) | 18.7 | (ref) | 24.9 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 36.5 | 1.35 | (0.93, 1.83) | 47.6 | 1.22 | (0.97, 1.47) | 20.6 | 1.09 | (0.67, 1.63) | 26.2 | 1.04 | (0.78, 1.33) | |
| Parental
separation (0–16y) |
No | 24.6 | (ref) | 37.2 | (ref) | 17.6 | (ref) | 23.5 | (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 37.4 | 1.52 | (1.22, 1.85) | 44.8 | 1.20 | (1.05, 1.36) | 23.6 | 1.30 | (1.00, 1.66) | 26.7 | 1.11 | (0.94, 1.28) | |
| Number of
ACEs (0–16y) |
0 | 26.0 | (ref) | 40.4 | (ref) | 18.6 | (ref) | 23.3 | (ref) | ||||
| 1 | 25.3 | 0.97 | (0.74, 1.24) | 38.1 | 0.94 | (0.81, 1.08) | 17.0 | 0.92 | (0.67, 1.22) | 23.5 | 1.01 | (0.86, 1.16) | |
| 2 | 29.4 | 1.13 | (0.85, 1.45) | 41.8 | 1.03 | (0.89, 1.19) | 20.2 | 1.07 | (0.77, 1.44) | 28.0 | 1.15 | (0.98, 1.32) | |
| 3+ | 36.6 | 1.40 | (1.10, 1.74) | 46.7 | 1.15 | (1.01, 1.30) | 24.8 | 1.29 | (0.97, 1.66) | 28.6 | 1.17 | (1.01, 1.34) | |
a. ‘No/not reported’ means that the participant’s response was ‘no’ and/or missing for all ACEs.