Table 3.
Sex-stratified prospective associations of total dietary fructose, sucrose, and glucose intake during adolescence with markers of insulin sensitivity in early adulthood [n = 254: (124 males, 130 females)].
| Tertiles of fructose intake | Tertiles of glucose intake | Tertiles of sucrose intake | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | Low (T1) | Moderate(T2) | High (T3) | Ptrend | Low (T1) | Moderate(T2) | High (T3) | Ptrend | Low (T1) | Moderate(T2) | High (T3) | Ptrend |
| Dietary sugar(g/d)a | 36 (32; 43) | 47 (44; 53) |
63 (56; 70) | 39 (32; 43) | 50 (43; 58) |
65 (58; 70) | 46 (39; 55) | 60 (53; 69) |
83 (70; 89) | |||
| Insulin (pmol/L) | ||||||||||||
| Model A | 79.3 (69.5; 89.2) | 80.3 (70.1; 90.5) |
72.6 (62.7; 82.5) | 0.03 | 85.5 (75.9; 95.2) | 78.0 (67.9; 88.1) |
68.7 (59.0; 78.3) | 0.05 | 82.8 (73.0; 92.5) | 80.1 (70.3; 89.9) |
68.8 (58.7; 78.8) | 0.03 |
| Model B | 76.3 (66.7; 85.9) | 79.9 (70.0; 89.8) |
72.4 (62.8; 82.0) | 0.11 | 81.5 (71.4; 91.6) | 76.8 (66.6; 87.0) |
70.8 (61.0; 80.6) | 0.25 | 77.9 (67.5; 88.2) | 79.0 (69.3; 88.7) |
71.5 (61.4; 81.6) | 0.20 |
| Model C (conditional) |
76.6 (66.9; 86.3) | 79.2 (69.2; 89.2) |
72.7 (63.0; 82.4) | 0.17 | 80.9 (70.9; 90.9) | 77.5 (67.4; 87.6) |
70.7 (61.0; 80.4) | 0.36 | 78.7 (68.5; 89.0) | 79.0 (69.5; 88.6) |
70.7 (60.6; 80.7) | 0.20 |
| HOMA2-%S | ||||||||||||
| Model A | 71.8 (65.0; 79.5) | 71.7 (64.6; 79.6) |
79.1 (71.5; 87.6) | 0.04 | 67.8 (61.4; 74.9) | 73.7 (66.5; 81.8) |
81.6 (73.9; 90.1) | 0.06 | 68.8 (62.3; 76.0) | 73.7 (66.7; 81.5) |
80.9 (73.0; 89.7) | 0.03 |
| Model B | 74.2 (67.3; 81.8) | 72.5 (65.6; 80.2) |
78.9 (71.5; 87.0) | 0.13 | 68.8 (62.3; 76.0) | 73.7 (66.7; 81.5) |
81.0 (73.0; 89.7) | 0.28 | 72.7 (65.4; 80.7) | 74.6 (67.6; 82.2) |
78.3 (70.7; 86.8) | 0.25 |
| Model C (conditional) |
78.1 (69.1; 88.3) | 76.2 (67.8; 85.6) |
86.6 (77.1; 97.2) | 0.20 | 71.5 (64.6; 79.1) | 74.1 (66.9; 82.1) |
79.6 (72.2; 87.8) |
0.39 | 72.0 (64.9; 79.8) | 74.5 (67.7; 82.1) |
79.1 (71.4; 87.5) | 0.24 |
| Males | Low (T1) | Moderate(T2) | High (T3) | Ptrend | Low (T1) | Moderate(T2) | High (T3) | Ptrend | Low (T1) | Moderate(T2) | High (T3) | Ptrend |
| Dietary sugar (g/d)a | 47 (41; 50) | 62 (52; 68) |
79 (71; 89) | 48 (38; 55) | 61 (55; 72) |
76 (67; 87) | 58 (46; 69) | 73 (62; 90) |
99 (86; 114) | |||
| Insulin (pmol/L) | ||||||||||||
| Model A | 70.9 (60.9; 80.9) | 78.3 (68.1; 88.4) |
63.7 (53.8; 73.6) | 0.95 | 65.4 (55.1; 76.9) | 79.9 (68.8; 91.1) |
71.8 (60.8; 82.8) | 0.99 | 73.0 (62.5; 83.6) | 72.8 (62.9; 82.6) |
66.8 (56.6; 77.0) | 0.41 |
| Model B | 71.0 (60.1; 81.9) | 79.1 (68.7; 89.5) |
64.2 (53.9; 74.5) | 0.99 | 68.6 (57.5; 79.7) | 72.5 (62.1; 83.0) |
72.7 (62.5; 82.9) | 0.87 | 73.8 (62.2; 85.5) | 73.5 (63.4; 83.5) |
67.3 (56.7; 77.9) | 0.79 |
| Model C (conditional) |
71.6 (60.1; 82.0) | 78.7 (68.3; 89.1) |
64.7 (54.5; 75.0) | 0.96 | 68.3 (57.2; 79.4) | 73.3 (62.8; 83.9) |
72.2 (61.9; 82.4) | 0.90 | 73.4 (61.7; 85.1) | 74.3 (64.2; 84.4) |
66.7 (56.1; 77.3) | 0.75 |
| HOMA2-%S | ||||||||||||
| Model A | 77.8 (69.4; 87.1) | 76.9 (68.5; 86.3) |
86.5 (77.3; 96.8) | 0.90 | 79.9 (71.0; 90.0) | 84.9 (75.8; 95.0) |
76.6 (68.5; 85.6) | 0.98 | 75.2 (66.8; 84.7) | 80.9 (72.4; 90.4) |
84.8 (75.6; 95.1) | 0.40 |
| Model B | 78.1 (69.0; 88.3) | 76.7 (68.2; 86.2) |
86.0 (76.5; 96.6) | 0.95 | 75.2 (66.8; 84.7) | 80.9 (72.4; 90.4) |
84.8 (75.6; 95.1) | 0.89 | 75.0 (65.8; 85.4) | 80.2 (71.7; 89.8) |
84.7 (75.3; 95.4) | 0.76 |
| Model C (conditional) |
74.4 (67.6; 82.0) | 72.0 (65.1; 79.5) |
79.1 (71.9; 87.2) | 0.89 | 80.8 (71.4; 91.5) | 83.4 (74.2; 93.8) |
77.1 (68.8; 86.4) | 0.92 | 75.4 (66.3; 85.9) | 79.3 (70.8; 88.7) |
85.5 (76.0; 96.2) | 0.72 |
Values are adjusted least-squares means (95% CIs) unless otherwise indicated. Linear trends (Ptrend) were obtained in sex-stratified linear regression models with the transformed and energy-adjusted predictors dietary fructose, sucrose, and glucose adolescent intakes as continuous variables. Model A adjusted for adult age at time of blood draw. Model B, with outcomes HOMA2-%S and fasting insulin, additionally adjusted for paternal education, birth weight, gestational weight gain, smoking in the household, parental overweight and pubertal percent body fat. Model C, the conditional model, additionally adjusted for adult percent body fat for all predictors and outcomes. Transformations of variables for analysis: loge for HOMA2-%S, fasting insulin, dietary sucrose and glucose; square root for dietary fructose. HOMA2-%S: updated homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity.
Values are unadjusted medians (25th, 75th percentile). Fructose intake is defined to be free fructose plus 50% of sucrose. Glucose intake is defined to be free glucose plus 50% of sucrose. Bold values indicate significant findings (p < 0.01) or trends (p < 0.05).