Figure 2.

Role of NF‐κB in glioma angiogenesis under an inflammatory microenvironment. TNF activates the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB for IL‐6, IL‐8, MMPs and IGFBP1, by TNFR2, leading to angiogenesis. The newly formed blood vessels are allowed to recruit a larger number of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, leading to the further release of proangiogenic cytokines. TAM: tumour‐associated macrophages; M‐CSF: macrophage colony‐stimulating factor; SYK: spleen tyrosine kinase; IGFBP: insulin‐like growth factor binding protein; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; TNFR: tumour necrosis factor receptor; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase; NF‐κB: nuclear factor‐κB; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase