Table 3.
Univariable regression analyses
| Characteristic | Professional display | Personal display | PPDi | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR (95% CI) | p Value | IRR (95% CI) | p Value | RR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Participant characteristics | ||||||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | — | 1 [Reference] | — | 0 [Reference] | — |
| Female | 0.9 (0.7-1.1) | 0.2 | 1.7 (1.4-1.9) | < 0.001 | 7.5 (1.3-13.7) | 0.02 |
| Generation | ||||||
| Millennial (< 37 y) | 1 [Reference] | — | 1 [Reference] | — | 0 [Reference] | — |
| Generation X (37-52 y) | 2 (1.3-3.1) | 0.003 | 1.9 (1.4-2.6) | < 0.001 | 2.7 (-7.4 to 12.8) | 0.17 |
| Baby boomer (> 52 y) | 2.3 (1.4-3.7) | 0.001 | 2.4 (1.7-3.4) | < 0.001 | 5.3 (-6.5 to 17.0) | 0.18 |
| Academic rank | ||||||
| Clinical instructor/assistant professor | 1 [Reference] | — | 1 [Reference] | — | 0 [Reference] | — |
| Associate professor | 1.9 (1.5-2.4) | < 0.001 | 0.9 (0.8-1.1) | 0.5 | -4.8 (-11.8 to 2.2) | 0.17 |
| Professor | 1.7 (1.3-2.4) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.5-2.2) | < 0.001 | 6 (-2.8 to 14.9 | 0.18 |
| Specialty | ||||||
| Emergency medicine | 1 [Reference] | — | 1 [Reference] | — | 0 [Reference] | — |
| Internal medicine | 0.8 (0.6-1.1) | 0.1 | 2.0 (1.6-2.4) | < 0.001 | 11.0 (2.8-19.1) | 0.009 |
| Surgery | 0.6 (0.5-0.8) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (1.3-1.9) | < 0.001 | 8.7 (2.0-15.5) | 0.012 |
| Office characteristics | ||||||
| No window | 1 [Reference] | — | 1 [Reference] | — | 0 [Reference] | — |
| Presence of a window | 0.9 (0.7-1.3) | 0.6 | 2.8 (2.0-4.0) | < 0.001 | 9.8 (0.98-18.6) | 0.03 |
| Shared office | 1 [Reference] | — | 1 [Reference] | — | 0 [Reference] | — |
| Private office | 1.2 (0.9-1.5) | 0.2 | 1.4 (1.2-1.7) | < 0.001 | 3.3 (−3.7 to 10.5) | 0.4 |
CI = confidence interval; IRR = incidence rate ratio; PPDi = personal professional display index; RR = rate ratio.