TABLE 1.

Diets and Reported Outcomes in Lifestyle Intervention Trials for NAFLD

Type of Diet	Weight Loss	Lower ALT	Improved IR	Lower Glucose Levels	Improved NAFLD (US)	Improved Hepatic TG (MRS)	Improved NAFLD (biopsy)	Improved NASH (biopsy)
Low calorie (~1200‐1500 kcal/day)	✔	✔			✔	✔	✔	✔
VLCD (450 kcal/day)	✔				✔
VLCD (800 kcal/day)	✔				✔
Low carbohydrates (<20%‐45%)	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔	✔
Low fat (20%‐27%)	✔	✔		✔		✔	✔	✔
DASH diet (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low‐fat dairy, low in saturated fats, cholesterol, refined grains, and sweets)	✔	✔	✔		✔		✔
Mediterranean diet	✔		✔		✔
IF	✔		✔

References: Hallsworth K, Adams LA. Lifestyle modification in NAFLD/NASH: facts and figures. JHEP Rep 2019;1:468‐479; Kenneally S, Sier JH, Moore JB. Efficacy of dietary and physical activity intervention in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017;4:e000139; Vilar‐Gomez E, Martinez‐Perez Y, Calzadilla‐Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2015;149:367‐378.e5; Glass O, Filozof C, Noureddin M, et al. Standardization of Diet and Exercise in Clinical Trials of NAFLD‐NASH: Recommendations from the Liver Forum. J Hepatol 2020. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.030.

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; DASH, dietary approach to stop hypertension; IF, intermittent fasting; IR, insulin resistance; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; TG, triglyceride; US, ultrasound; VLCD, very low‐calorie diet.