Table 1.
Method | Assumptions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
IVW fixed effects | All SNPs estimate the same causal effect | Balanced pleiotropy | InSIDE | NOME |
IVW random effects | Balanced pleiotropy | InSIDE | NOME | |
MR-RAPS | Balanced pleiotropy | InSIDE | ||
CAUSE | Balanced pleiotropy | Parametric model + priors | ||
MR-Egger fixed effects | All SNPs estimate the same causal effect | InSIDE | NOME | |
MR-Egger fixed effects + SIMEX | All SNPs estimate the same causal effect | InSIDE | ||
MR-Egger random effects | InSIDE | NOME | ||
MR-Egger random effects + SIMEX | InSIDE | |||
Bayesian model averaging | InSIDE | NOME | ||
Median | At least 50% of SNPs are valid instruments | NOME | ||
Mode | ZEMPA | NOME | ||
MRMix | ZEMPA | NOME | ||
Heterogeneity penalized | ZEMPA | NOME |
(IVW) Inverse variance weighted, (SNPs) single-nucleotide polymorphisms, (InSIDE) instrument strength independent of direct pleiotropic effect, (NOME) no measurement error in the SNP-exposure effect, (MR-RAPS) Mendelian randomization-robust adjusted profile score, (ZEMPA) zero modal pleiotropy assumption, meaning that the mode of the direct pleiotropic effects is zero.