Table 1.
Characteristics of studies grouped by patient intervention group and recruitment location.
| Study | Study Design | Groups | n | Age (Mean ± SD) (years) | Males (%) | BMI (Mean ± SD) (kg/m2) | MMEs per 24 hours |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recruitment location: sleep clinics | |||||||
| Walker 2007 | RC | Pain:opioids | 60 | 53 ± 13 | 33 | 32 ± 7.7 | 229 ± 161 |
| No pain:no opioids | 60 | 53 ± 13 | 33 | 33 ± 7.6 | ― | ||
| Farney 2008 | RC | Pain:opioids | 22 | 50 ± 13 | 41 | 33 ± 6.1 | NR |
| Jungquist 2012 | RC | Pain:opioids | 61 | 50 ± 11 | 36 | 33 ± 7 | 299 ± 164 |
| no pain:no opioids | 171 | 48 ± 12 | 63 | 33 ± 6 | 30.7 ± 10 | ||
| Pain:no opioids | 187 | 51 ± 12 | 45 | 35 ± 8 | 71 ± 26 | ||
| Javaheri 2014 | RC | Pain:opioids | 20 | 53 ± 10 | 65 | 33 ± 7 | 292 ± 241 |
| Recruitment location: pain clinics | |||||||
| Webster 2008 | RC | Pain:opioids | 140 | 52 ± 12 | 47 | 30 | 1,633 ± 1,141 |
| Mogri 2009 | RC | Pain:opioids | 98 | 50 ± 12 | 71 | 32 ± 5.3 | 326 ± 186 |
| Rose 2014 | PC | Pain:opioids | 24 | 52.4 ± 9.4 | 50 | 35 ± 9.4 | 120 ± 20 |
| No pain:no opioids | 20 | 51 ± 10 | 75 | 25 ± 2.6 | ― | ||
| Shapiro 2015 | PC | Pain:opioids | 74 | 51 ± 12 | 46 | 30 ± 5.4 | 390 ± 338 |
| Pampati 2016 | RC | Pain:opioids | 2,682 | 49 ± 13.6 | 43 | 31 + 7.9 | NR |
| Pain:no opioids | 172 | ||||||
BMI = body mass index, MME = morphine milligram equivalent, NR = not reported, PC = prospective cohort, RC = retrospective cohort.