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. 2020 Jun 16;8(1):53–63. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1776925

Table 2.

Descriptives (mean and standard deviation) of objective, subjective, and physiological outcome variables. Asterisks indicate a significant difference with the first bout (out of bath baseline) in the same condition (p < 0.05 = *, p < 0.01 = **, p < 0.001 = ***). Diamonds indicate a significant difference with the corresponding neutral condition (p < 0.05 = ◊, p < 0.01 = ◊◊, p < 0.001 = ◊◊◊). Objective cognitive measures are reported in [10], yet repeated in this table for completeness

  Neutral condition
Warm condition
Outcome variables Baseline Mid End Baseline Mid End
Objective            
Mean response time (ms) 0.54 ± 0.09 0.52 ± 0.08
*
0.52 ± 0.09
*
0.55 ± 0.07 0.51 ± 0.08
*** ◊
0.48 ± 0.08
*** ◊
Accuracy 0.81 ± 0.04 0.79 ± 0.04
*
0.79 ± 0.05 0.80 ± 0.05 0.79 ± 0.04
*
0.77 ± 0.04
**
Time estimation (ms) 1.20 ± 0.28 1.24 ± 0.36 1.27 ± 0.45 1.28 ± 0.41 1.25 ± 0.42 1.17 ± 0.45
** ◊◊
Subjective            
Thermal sensation −0.4 ± 0.7 0.6 ± 0.9
***
0.7 ± 0.8
***
0.1 ± 0.7 2.5 ± 0.6
*** ◊◊◊
2.6 ± 0.6
*** ◊◊◊
Thermal discomfort 0.3 ± 0.8 0.2 ± 0.5 0.4 ± 0.5 0.4 ± 0.5 1.4 ± 0.7
*** ◊◊◊
1.8 ± 0.9
*** ◊◊◊
RPE 8.0 ± 1.8 8.3 ± 1.9 8.3 ± 1.8 8.8 ± 2.2 11.6 ± 2.6
*** ◊◊
12.6 ± 3.0
*** ◊◊◊
NASA-TLX 10.2 ± 2.3 10.9 ± 2.6 11.0 ± 2.6 10.8 ± 2.5 12.7 ± 2.6 13.5 ± 2.8
Physiological            
gastrointestinal temperature (° C) 37.1 ± 0.2 37.0 ± 0.1
***
37.2 ± 0.2 37.2 ± 0.3 37.7 ± 0.2
*** ◊◊◊
38.4 ± 0.2
*** ◊◊◊
Heart rate (BPM) 74 ± 11 80 ± 9
***
83 ± 9
***
74 ± 9 99 ± 9
*** ◊◊◊
105 ± 8
*** ◊◊◊