Skip to main content
. 2019 Aug 28;13(5):842–854. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfz095

Table 2.

Study characteristics for studies examining the relationship between CACS and mortality/morbidity outcomes

Study Sample size Age (years)† Female (%) CKD stage* DM (%) CVD (%) CACS (AU) Outcome Comparison Effect estimate (95% CI) Follow-up duration (months)
Lamarche et al. [42] 178 61 38 Non-hemodialysis 44 18 217 (9–746) All-cause mortality

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: 1–9 AU

  • CACS: 100–399 AU

  • CACS: >400 AU

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU)

  • HR: 2.05 (1.24–3.39)

 120
Mukai et al. [41] 296 55 33 General CKD 19 NA

  • CACS 0: 0 AU

  • CACS >0: 508 AU

 All-cause mortality

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS low tertile

  • CACS middle tertile

  • CACS high tertile

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus 0 AU)

  • HR (low tertile): 2.04 (0.34–12.3)

  • HR (middle tertile): 3.7 (0.71–19.8)

  • HR (high tertile): 8.35 (1.58–44.0)

 35
Chen et al. [26] 1541 57.2 47 Mild to moderate CKD 42 0 NA

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV events (myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke)

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: 1–100 AU

  • CACS: 100 AU

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality

  • Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.42 (0.82–2.46), P: 0.36

  • Adjusted CV events

  • Cut-off: >100 AU, HR: 1.81 (1.16–2.82), P: <0.001

 71
Winther et al. [27] 154 54 32 Hemodialysis 32.5 15.6 137 (0–561)

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV events

  • (cardiac death, cardiac arrest, STEMI and revascularization)

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: 0–400 AU

  • CACS: >400 AU

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality

  • Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 1.8 (0.6–5.3), P: 0.27

  • Adjusted CV events

  • Cut-off: >400 AU, HR: 4.6 (1.2–16.7), P: <0.05

 44
Matsushita et al. [28] 1284 69 54 General CKD 23 NA 31 (0–224)

  • CV events

  • (coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure and peripheral artery disease)

 Quartiles

  • CV events (Quartile 3 versus Quartiles 1 and 2 = 0 AU)

  • Adjusted HR: 1.73 (1.13–2.64)

  • CV events (Quartile 4 versus Quartiles 1and 2 = 0 AU)

  • Adjusted HR Quartile 4: 3.02 (2.03–4.50)

 100
Havel et al. [29] 77 59.5 31 Hemodialysis 45.5 7.80 886 ± 1324 CV events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)

  • CACS: 0–1000 AU

  • CACS: >1000 AU

  • Adjusted CV events (>100 AU)

  • HR: 9.29 (3.00–28.73), P = 0.0001

 26
Chaikriangkrai et al. [30] 145 NA NA Non-hemodialysis NA NA NA

  • CV events

  • (cardiac death, myocardial infarction and coronary revascularization)

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: 1–100 AU

  • CACS: 101–400 AU

  • CACS: >400 AU

  • Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0)

  • HR CACS >400: 14.49 (1.64–127.88), P: 0.016

 43
Liabeuf et al. [31] 143 66.7 39 General CKD 43 31 NA CV events (cardiac death, stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral ischemia or new-onset arrhythmia)

  • Continuous

  • (per 100 AU)

  • Adjusted CV events

  • RR: 1.024 (1.005–1.043), P < 0.0001

 29
Janda et al. [32] 53 52 47 Hemodialysis 23 0 92

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV mortality

  • Continuous

  • (per 100 AU)

  • All-cause mortality

  • HR: 1.04 (1.01–1.08), P: 0.02

  • CV mortality

  • HR: 1.05 (1.02–1.09), P: 0.01

 72
Guney et al. [33] 72 44 54 Hemodialysis NA NA 127 (0–657) All-cause mortality

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: >0 AU

  • All-cause mortality (versus 0)

  • HR: 1.65 (0.85–3.21), P: 0.13

 77
Nakayama et al. [19] 133 NA 42 Hemodialysis 43 39 NA

  • CV events

  • (cardiac death, stroke, heart failure and ischemic heart disease)

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: >0 AU

  • Adjusted CV events (versus CACS 0)

  • HR: 1.83 (0.55–6.63), P = 0.33

 49
Russo et al. [40] 181 NA NA Non-hemodialysis NA NA 107

  • CV events

  • (cardiac death and myocardial infarction)

  • CACS: <100 AU

  • CACS: >100 AU

  • Adjusted CV events (versus CACS <100)

  • HR: 8.4 (2.3–30.1), P: 0.001

 25
Ohtake et al. [34] 74 66 36 Hemodialysis 39.6 NA 1853 ± 3262

  • All-cause mortality CV mortality

  • CV events

  • (angina, myocardial infarction, valve disease, heart disease and stroke)

  • CACS: <750 AU

  • CACS: >750 AU

  • All-cause mortality (>750 AU):

  • RR: 3.292 (1.393–7.780), P: 0.0066

  • CV mortality (>750 AU):

  • RR: 3.108 (0.677–14.269), P: 0.1447

  • CV events (>750 AU):

  • RR: 2.619 (1.241–5.529), P: 0.0115

 40
Shantouf et al. [35] 166 53 41 Hemodialysis 50.9 24.7 NA All-cause mortality

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: 1–100 AU

  • CACS: 101–400 AU

  • CACS: >400 AU

  • Unadjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0)

  • HR: CACS 1–100: 2.1 (0.7–9.4), P: 0.3

  • HR: CACS 101-400: 4.1(1.2–18.6), P: 0.009

  • HR: CACS >400: 6.3 (1.5–26.5), P: 0.006

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality (versus CACS 0)

  • HR CACS >0: 6.7 (1.1–21.5), P: 0.1

 72
Watanabe et al. [36] 117 57 39 Non-hemodialysis 23 NA

  • CACS >10

  • 334 AU (108–858)

  • CACS >400

  • 873 AU (436–2500)

  • CV events

  • (myocardial infarction, angina, arrhythmia, uncontrolled BP, stroke and cardiac failure)

  • CACS: <10 AU

  • CACS: >10 AU

  • CACS: <400 AU

  • CACS: >400 AU

  • Adjusted CV events

  • HR: CACS >400 AU: 3.53 (1.03–12.06), P: 0.04

 24
Fensterseifer et al. [37] 59 48.8 41 Hemodialysis 28. 23.7

  • Males:

  • 66.4 AU

  • (3.8–796)

  • Females:

  • 25.8 AU

  • (0–684.8)

 All-cause mortality

  • CACS: <400 AU

  • CACS: >400 AU

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU)

  • HR: 3.53 (0.71–17.43), P: 0.12

 24
Block et al. [38] 127 56 39 Hemodialysis 58 NA NA All-cause mortality

  • CACS: 0 AU

  • CACS: 1–400 AU

  • CACS: >400 AU

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality (>400 AU)

  • HR: 4.5 (1.33–15.14), P: 0.016

 44
Matsuoka et al. [39] 104 56 40 Hemodialysis 38 NA NA All-cause mortality

  • CACS: <200 AU

  • CACS: >200 AU

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality (>200 AU)

  • RR: 2.687 (0.873–8.267)

 44

DM, diabetes mellitus; STEMI, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.