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. 2019 Aug 28;13(5):842–854. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfz095

Table 3.

Study characteristics for studies examining the relationship between PWV and mortality/morbidity outcomes

Study Sample size Age (years) Female (%) CKD Stage* DM (%) CVD (%) PWV (m/s) Outcome Comparison Effect estimate (95% CI) Follow-up duration (months)
Dimkovic et al. [53] 220 58.9 46 Hemodialysis 11.8 20 9.68 ± 2.12 CV mortality

  • Continuous

  • (per 1 m/s increment)

  • CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • HR: 1.192 (1.076–1.320)

 76
Premuzic et al. [51] 96 66 50 Hemodialysis NA NA 10.5 ± 1.9 CV mortality

  • Quartiles (m/s):

  • PWV: 7.5 m/s

  • PWV: 9.0 m/s

  • PWV: 11.1 m/s

  • CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1):

  • OR: 20.49 (4.45–94.39)

 25
Nemcsik et al. [50] 100 66 52 Non-hemodialysis 44 64

  • 11.26

  • (8.9–14.9)

  • CV events

  • (CV death, heart failure, stroke, transient ischemic attack and peripheral artery disease with intervention)

  • Tertiles (m/s):

  • PWV: 6.6–9.8 m/s

  • PWV: 9.9–13.0 m/s

  • PWV: 13.2–27.2 m/s

  • CV events (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1):

  • HR: 1.284 (0.386–4.273)

 NA
Townsend et al. [52] 2795 59.9 43.6 Non-hemodialysis 47.3 NA NA All-cause mortality

  • Tertiles (m/s):

  • PWV: <7.9 m/s

  • PWV: 7.9–10.3 m/s

  • PWV: >10.3 m/s

  • Adjusted all-cause mortality

  • (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1)

  • HR: 1.72 (1.24–2.38)

 65
Sarafidis et al. [43] 170 63.8 69 Hemodialysis 54 NA 9.4 (2.2)

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV mortality

  • Quartiles (m/s):

  • PWV: 6.75 ± 0.77

  • PWV: 8.53 ± 0.57

  • PWV: 10.2 ± 0.46

  • PWV: 12.28 ± 0.96

  • All-cause mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1):

  • HR: 8.495 (1.912–37.740)

  • CV mortality (Quartile 4 versus Quartile 1):

  • HR: 6.745 (1.472–30.912)

 28
Chiu et al. [44] 219 64.2 32.3 Hemodialysis 39.4 NA 8.81 (2.08)

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV mortality

  • CV events

  • (myocardial infarction,

  • angina, hospitalization due to heart failure or arrhythmia, coronary

  • revascularization and cardiac death)

  • Continuous

  • (per 1 m/s increment)

  • All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • Adjusted HR: 1.23 (1.03–1.47)

  • CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • Unadjusted HR: 1.18 (0.89–1.39), P = 0.034

  • CV events (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • Unadjusted HR: 1.02 (0.88–1.17), P = 0.802

 28
He et al. [15] 128 56 54 Hemodialysis 13.3 NA NR All-cause mortality

  • Continuous

  • (per 1 m/s increment)

  • All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • HR: 1.265 (1.022–1.567), P = 0.031

 24
Baumann et al. [45] 135 59.2 54 Non-hemodialysis 47 NA 10.5 (3.0) All-cause mortality

  • PWV: <10 m/s

  • PWV: >10m/s

  • All-cause mortality:

  • HR: 5.1 (1.1–22.9)

 42
Avramovski et al. [46] 80 59.3 34 Hemodialysis 20 NA 12.5 (2.01)

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV mortality

  • Continuous

  • (per 1 m/s increment)

  • PWV: <11.8 m/s

  • PWV: >11.8 m/s

  • All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • HR: 1.299 (1.09–1.54)

  • All-cause mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s):

  • RR: 4.3 (1.6–11.51), P = 0.0037

  • CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • HR: 1.4284 (1.696–1.757)

  • CV mortality (PWV >11.8 m/s):

  • RR: 14.36 (2.01–102.77), P = 0.008

 36
Karras et al. [18] 439 59.8 26 Non-hemodialysis 27 28 11.9 (3.4)

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV events

  • (coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral

  • arterial disease and heart failure)

  • PWV: <12 m/s

  • PWV: >12 m/s

  • All-cause mortality:

  • HR: 3.3 (1.9–5.7)

  • CV events:

  • Per 1 SD, HR: 1.35 (1.05–1.75)

 56
Othmane et al. [47] 98 63.4 39 Hemodialysis 40.8 60.2 11.2 (3.25) CV mortality

  • Continuous

  • (per 1 m/s increment)

  • Tertile:

  • PWV: 3.8–9.5 m/s

  • PWV: 9.6–12.1 m/s

  • PWV: 12.5–23.8 m/s

  • CV mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • HR: 1.34 (1.17–1.53), P < 0.001

 29
Zoungas et al. [25] 207 57 32 Non-hemodialysis NA 72 NA

  • CV events

  • (cardiac death and acute myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina,

  • coronary revascularization and peripheral vascular

  • events)

  • PWV: <9.9 m/s

  • PWV: >9.9 m/s

  • CV events

  • HR: 3.38 (1.70–6.73)

 60
Shoji et al. [48] 256 55.4 59 Hemodialysis 19.5 NA 8.64 ± 2.16

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV mortality

  • Continuous

  • (per 1 m/s increment)

  • PWV: <8.2 m/s

  • PWV: >8.2 m/s

  • All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • HR: 1.156 (1.032–1.295), P < 0.05

  • CVmortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • HR: 1.152 (0.978–1.359), P = 0.079–0.090

 63
Blacher et al. [49] 241 51.5 39 Hemodialysis 7 24 11.1 ± 3.1

  • All-cause mortality

  • CV mortality

  • Continuous

  • (per 1 m/s increment)

  • Tertiles:

  • PWV: <9.4 m/s

  • PWV: 9.4–12 m/s

  • PWV: >12 m/s

  • All-cause mortality (per 1 m/s PWV increment):

  • OR 1.39 (1.19–1.62)

  • All-cause mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1):

  • OR 5.4 (2.4–11.9)

  • CV mortality (Tertile 3 versus Tertile 1):

  • OR 5.9 (2.3–15.5)

 72

DM, diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio.